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Bio Psychology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

The Different principles of biology

A 
Anatomy 
Cellular Anatomy
Physiology 
Genetics 
Developmental biology
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2
Q

Anatomy

A

the study of different organs and structures

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3
Q

cellular anatomy

A

the study of cell organelles and structures

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4
Q

genetics

A

the study of how genes and evolution affect biological processes

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5
Q

developmental biology

A

the study of how an organism and its tissues are created during development

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6
Q

Genetic manipulation

A

selective breeding, transgenic manipulation (animals only)

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7
Q

Neuropharmacology

A

giving agonists or antagonists to brain chemicals (animals and humans)

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8
Q

Electrical stimulation

A

increases the activity of a brain region stimulating it electrically (animals and humans)

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9
Q

Trauma studies

A

damage to a brain region due to accidental injury (humans)

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10
Q

The different types of biopsychological manipulations

A

Genetic manipulations
neuropharmacology
electrical stimulation
trauma studies

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11
Q

Peripheral nervous system

A

components of the nervous system outside the skull spine

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12
Q

Main components of the nervous system

A

Nerves and ganglia

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13
Q

Nerves

A

enclosed, cable- like bundles that transmit electrical impulses to and from body structures and the brain

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14
Q

Ganglia

A

clusters of nerve cells bodies associated with nerves

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15
Q

2 main branches of the peripheral nervous system

A

Somatic nervous system

Autonomic nervous system

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16
Q

Somatic nervous system

A

nerves carrying sensory information to the CNS and motor commands from the CNS

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17
Q

Cranial nerves

A

carry info t o and from the brain and the head, neck and trunk

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18
Q

Spinal nerves

A

carry info to and from the CNS

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19
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

special nerves that regulate activity of the internal organs and other involuntary activites

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20
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system

In autonomic nervous system

A

regulates day to day functions like digestion

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21
Q

Sympathetic nervous system

in autonomic nervous system

A

regulates “fight or flight” response to threats and stressors

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22
Q

Central Nervous system

A

components of the nervous system located in the skull and spine (Brain and spinal cord)

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23
Q

spinal cord

A

functions primarily in transmission of signals to and from the brain and the rest of the body

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24
Q

Dorsal roots

A

bring sensory info the the CNS from the body AFFERENT

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25
Q

ventral roots

A

take motor commands from CNS to muscles EFFERENT

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26
Q

Major landmarks of the brain

A
  • two hemispheres are separated by the LONGITUDINAL FISSURE

- Two hemispheres are connected by the CORPUS CALLOSUM which allows communication between them

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27
Q

The Cells of the Brain are Organized into Different Structures

A

cortex

nuclei

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28
Q

Cortex

A

layers of nerve cells or neurons on the outer part of the brain

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29
Q

nuclei

A

clusters of nerve cells or neurons with the brain

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30
Q

Folds of the Cortex

A

Gyri (singular gyrus)

Sulci (singular sulcus)

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31
Q

Gyri

A

bulges or ridges on the brain’s surface

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32
Q

Sulci

A

grooves or indentations in the brain’s surface

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33
Q

The Hemispheres are Both are Both

A

Symmetrical
Asmmetrcial
Contralateral

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34
Q

Symmetrical

A

structures or functions found in both hemispheres of the brain (sensory areas and motor areas)

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35
Q

asymmetrical

A

structures or functions found in one hemisphere only language and spatial navitageion areas are usually located in opposite hemispheres

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36
Q

contralateral

A

information is sent and recived to and from the opposite side of the body

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37
Q

Hindbrain

A

regulates function that are basic and critical to life

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38
Q

midbrain

A

movement, reward, arousal

auditory and visual reflexes

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39
Q

Forebrain

A

many of the functions of the forebrain are what make us uniuqely human conscious thought memory and emotion

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40
Q

Meninges

A

membranes surrounding and protecting and protecting the brain

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41
Q

What ar the layers of the meninges

A 
Dura mater (Tough outer layer)
Arachnoid membrane (spiderweb- like middle layer)
Pia mater (adheres to the brain and spinal cord)
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42
Q

Disease associated with Meninges

A

Meningitis - inflammation of the protective membranes surrounding the brain

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43
Q

Symptoms of meningitis

A

headache, neck stiffness, fever

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44
Q

Ventricles

A

large fluid filled chambers in the brain

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45
Q

Hydrocephalus

A

blockage of the drainage of CSF through the brain, causing the ventricles to swell

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46
Q

Symptoms of hydrocephalus

A

obvious and excessive head size and “sundowning”

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47
Q

Cerebral vasuclature

A

blood vessels supplying brain with oxygen and nutrients

48
Q

stroke

A

decrease in blood supply providing oxygen to a part of the brain that results of death of neurons downstream of the blockage

49
Q

cell

A

the smallest unit of life

50
Q

What does a cell consist of ?

A

cell membrane that surrounds and separates the queous interior called the cytoplasms from the extracellular fluid surrounding the cells

51
Q

2 main types of cells

A

neurons and glial cells

52
Q

neurons

A

main functional cells of the nervous system, electrically active cells which communicate with one another

53
Q

glial cells

A

the “support staff” of the nervous system, provide support, protection and other things

54
Q

What are the structures found on a typical neurons

A

dendrites
cell body or soma
axon

55
Q

Dendrites

A

branching processes coming off cell body

56
Q

cell body or soma

A

where nucleus and most organelles are found

57
Q

axon

A

sends information on to the next neurons

58
Q

3 functional kinds of neurons

A

motor neurons
sensory neurons
interneurons

59
Q

motor neurons

A

neurons that send signals to the muscles and other body structures from the CNS

60
Q

sensory neurons

A

neurons receiving sensory information and relaying it to the CNS

61
Q

interneurons

A

neurons that link between two other neurons

62
Q

3 structural kinds of neruons

A

Unipolar
bipolar
multipolar

63
Q

unipolar

A

both the axon and main dendrite are part of the same process

64
Q

bipolar

A

the axon and the dendrite come off opposite sides of the cell body

65
Q

multipolar

A

neurons with multiple dendrites

66
Q

Most neurons in the brain are

A

multipolar

67
Q

cell proliferation

A

the process by which one cell grows and replicates

68
Q

Cell differentiation

A

the process by which neurons tak eon their complex adult form by turning on specific genes

69
Q

the four main type of glial cells

A

astrocytes
oligodendrocytes
microglia
ependymal cells

70
Q

astrocytes

A

stare shaped cells that rpovide structural and nurtitive support to neurons

71
Q

oligodendrocytes and schwann cells

A

insulate neuronal axons and improve electrical transmission along them

72
Q

microglia

A

immune like cells in the CNS that remove damaged neurons

73
Q

ependymal cells

A

produce cerebrospinal fluid

74
Q

where are oligodendrocytes are found

A

in the central nervous system

75
Q

Where are schwann cells found

A

in the peripheral nervous system

76
Q

Multiple sclerosis

A

destruction of the myelin sheath by immune cells, destruction of myelin results in axonal conduction. Symptoms include dizziness, weakness, paralysis, vision problems, cognitive defect

77
Q

microglia

A

phagocytose or eat invading microorganisms such as bacteria and damaged or dead neurons. Go from branching (non-activated) to ameboid to phagocytic macrophage. If chronically activated can start to malfucntion and produce and secrete substances that can cause chronic pain and neuronal death

78
Q

Ependymal cells and Hydrocephalus

A

produce cerebrospinal fluid in the choroid plexus. Can’t turn of CSF production so if CSF drainage is blocked can result in

79
Q

Tumor

A

a large mass of abnormally proliferating cells

80
Q

Primary tumors

A

Brain tumors are usually glial because neurons are post- mitotic

81
Q

Secondary tumors

A

tumor cells can also form elsewhere in the body and invade the brain

82
Q

Ion

A

an atom or molecule in which total number of electrons is not equal to the total number of protons

83
Q

An Ion can be positively and negatively charged when

A

when the dnumber of positively charged protons and negatively charged electrons is equal an atom is not charged and is not an ion

84
Q

pumps

A

pumps are special proteins found in the cell membrane. They move ions across membranes against their concentration gradient, which requires energy. Energy for this is provided by the breakdown of hdrolysis of ATP to ADP and PI

85
Q

Ion channels

A

ion channels are special proteins found in the cell membrane, Ions move down their concentration gradient and no energy is required

86
Q

The Non gated K+ and Na+ Ion channels

A

known as non gated ion channels because they are always open . They allow K+ to move out of the cell down the concentration gradient .

87
Q

At rest there are many more ____channels open than ___

A

K+, NA+

88
Q

resting membrane potential

A

the charge or voltage difference at rest across the plasma membrane

89
Q

Na+/K+ pump

A

moves 3 Na+ out for every 2 K+ in net loss of positive charge inside neuron

90
Q

non-gated K+ channel

A

at rest more non gated open K+ channels than Na channels so more Na+ charge flows out of a neuron than in

91
Q

Voltage gated Ion Channels

A

opened by changes in voltage or charge inside the cell, allow ions to move down their concentration gradient, because ion s move down their concentration gradient, no energy is required are specific for specific ions

92
Q

States of voltage gated Ions

A

Closed
Open or activated
inactivated

93
Q

open or activated

A

channel and inactivating segment are both open and lots can move through

94
Q

inactivated

A

channel is opened is or closed but inactivating segment has swung shut and no Na+ can move through

95
Q

K+ voltage gated Ion channel

A

states- closed and open / activated

Key points - it opens in response to large increases in positive charge inside the cell,i

96
Q

depolarization

A

when positive ions flow into the cell or negative ions flow out of the cell and it becomes les negative inside compared to outside the cell

97
Q

hyperpolarization

A

when positive ions flow out of the cell or negative ions flow into the cell and it becomes more negative inside compared to outside the cell

98
Q

Action potential step one

A

At rest, the Na+/K+ pump and the resting K+ channel

produce a net negative charge inside the cell compared to outside

99
Q

action potential step two

A

depolarization opens voltage gated Na+ channels

100
Q

Action potential step 3

A

After a delay, voltage-gated K+ channels open. At the same time, the voltage gated Na+ channels close and inactivate; membrane repolarizes

101
Q

Action potential step 4

A

inactivation of the Na+ channels and opening in voltage-gated K+ channels results in “overshoot”of resting membrane potential, causing hyperpolarization

102
Q

Action potential step 5

A

closed Na+ channels de-inactivate, voltage-gated K+ channel closes, Na+/K+ pumps return Na+ and K+ gradients to normal, membrane potential returns to normal

103
Q

action potential

A

Influx of Na+ from AP flows into adjacent membrane area a. This new patch of membrane depolarizes, forms action potential, which depolarizes the next patch of membrane, opening its Na+ channels, and so forth. Previous patch can’t reform action potential because it is refractory due to closing and inactivation of Na+ channels during hyperpolarization. This means action potential moves only in one direction, down axon toward the synapse

104
Q

saltatory conduction

A

Myelin sheath surrounds axon except bare patches called Nodes of Ranvier. Action potential “jumps” from node to node because myelin insulates the axon, allowing less ion flow out across membrane. This “jumping” speeds the rate of action potential propagation down the axon

105
Q

The steps involved in neurotransmitter release and know the trigger for vesicle fusion

A

1.Action potential travels down to axon terminal
2.Action potential opens voltage gated Ca2+ channels
3.Opening of Ca2+ channels allows Ca2+ to flow into the cell down its conc. gradient
4. Ca2+ influx causes fusion of neurotransmitter vesicles with the membrane or synthesis of gas neurotransmitters
Fusion of vesicles dumps neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft

106
Q

the main classes of neurotransmitters

A

dopaminergic
nodregenic
sertongeric
cholingeric `

107
Q

dopminergic

A

uses dopamine with the brain– regulated reward and movement

108
Q

noradernergic

A

uses norepinephrine within the brain–regulates arousal and attention

109
Q

sertonergic

A

uses serotonin within the brain– regulates mood and compulsions

110
Q

chilnergic

A

uses acetylchonin within the brain – regulates arousal and attention

111
Q

small molecule

A

amino acids or synthesized from them or other metabolites

112
Q

peptide

A

long chains of amino acids linked together to form a peptide or protein endorphins

113
Q

transmitter gases

A

gasses synthesized from atoms

114
Q

Ionotropic

A

binding of NT directly opens an ion channel in the receptor and allows ions to flow into the cell

115
Q

metabotropic

A

binding of NT does not directly open an ion channel in the receptor but instead indirectly opens an ion channel by activating other intracellular proteins

Bio Psychology (11 decks)

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