Lecture 12 Flashcards
What are the two closely related concepts discussed in today’s class?
Emotion & Motivation
Who proposed the concept of Emotional Intelligence?
Peter Salovey & John Mayer
Define Emotional Intelligence.
The ability to perceive and express emotion, assimilate emotion in thought, understand and reason with emotion, and regulate emotion.
True or False: Emotional intelligence has been shown to be unrelated to relationship satisfaction.
False
What is motivation?
Goal-directed behavior.
What are motives?
Needs, wants, interests, and desires that propel people in certain directions.
List the three theories of motivation.
- Drive theories
- Incentive theories
- Evolutionary theories
What is homeostasis?
A state of physiological equilibrium or stability.
Define Drive in the context of motivation.
An internal state of tension caused by disruptions of preferred states of homeostasis.
What is Drive Reduction?
The reduction of internal states of tension that motivates an organism.
What are some behaviors that do not satisfy innate biological needs?
- Seeking of knowledge
- Eating when not hungry
- Performing self-defeating behaviors
What do Incentive theories focus on?
External influences that motivate behavior.
What is an incentive?
An external goal that has the capacity to motivate behavior.
How do evolutionary theories explain human motives?
In terms of the evolutionary advantage they provide.
What regulates basic needs like hunger and thirst?
The brain.
What significant discovery did Wangensteen & Carlson make regarding hunger?
People without a stomach still experience hunger.
Which brain region is crucial for regulating hunger?
Hypothalamus.
What is the dual-centres model of hunger?
The model suggesting the ventromedial hypothalamus controls voracious appetite, while the lateral hypothalamus controls reduced appetite.
What hormone does the stomach secrete to promote hunger?
Ghrelin.
What does CCK promote?
Satiety (feeling of fullness).
List three environmental factors that affect food intake.
- Palatability
- Quantity
- Variety
What is the Achievement Motive?
The need to master difficult challenges, outperform others, and meet high standards of excellence.
What two situational determinants can affect achievement striving?
- Probability of success
- Incentive Value of Success
Define the Affiliation Motive.
The need to associate with others and maintain social bonds.
What is ostracism?
Being ignored and excluded by others in your social environment.
What are emotions?
Valanced responses to external stimuli and/or internal mental representations.
List the three main features of emotion.
- A subjective conscious experience
- Bodily arousal
- Characteristic overt expressions
What is the cognitive component of emotion?
A subjective, conscious experience.
What is affective forecasting?
Efforts to predict one’s emotional reactions to future events.
What regulates the autonomic nervous system?
Glands, muscles, and blood vessels.
What does the sympathetic nervous system do?
Mobilizes bodily resources in response to stress.
What is Galvanic Skin Response (GSR)?
An increase in the electrical conductivity of the skin that occurs when sweat glands increase their activity.
What is the basis for polygraphs?
They record autonomic fluctuations while a participant is questioned.
Which brain region is critical for emotional experience?
Amygdala.
What is a polygraph?
A device that records autonomic fluctuations while a participant is questioned.
Can a polygraph actually detect lies?
No, a polygraph cannot detect lies.
What assumption does a polygraph make about lying?
When someone lies, they experience emotion that causes autonomic arousal.
What controls emotion in the human body?
Emotion is ultimately controlled by the brain.
Which brain region is critical for emotional experience?
The amygdala.
Who is Patient S.M.?
An American woman with complete bilateral degeneration of amygdalae.
What condition does Patient S.M. suffer from?
Urbach-Wiethe disease.
What ability did Patient S.M. lose due to her condition?
The ability to experience fear.
What is one behavioral impairment of Patient S.M.?
Inability to appraise danger/threat.
What does Patient S.M.’s inability to feel fear lead to?
Inability to avoid dangerous situations.
What type of memory impairments does Patient S.M. have?
Impairments related to emotional memory.
What is one of the consequences of Patient S.M.’s condition?
Impairment in detecting affective cues.
What does the inability to detect affective cues affect in Patient S.M.?
Her ability to recognize negative social cues.
What unique finding did Feinstein et al. (2013) discover about Patient S.M.?
She experienced panic attacks induced by inhalation of 35% CO2.
What does the fear triggered by external threats indicate?
It is a different process from fear triggered internally.
What is interoception?
The ability to sense and understand what’s happening inside one’s own body.
What does Feinstein et al.’s research suggest about the amygdala?
It is responsible for emotional appraisal of emotions caused by external stimuli.
What does biological motion refer to?
Subtle movement information that provides cues that the object is a living thing.
What is the ‘High Road’ pathway in the amygdala?
A slow pathway for visual information routed via the visual cortex.
What is the ‘Low Road’ pathway in the amygdala?
A fast pathway for visual information that bypasses the visual cortex.
What are Universal Basic Emotions?
A set of fundamental feelings universally recognized across cultures.
What are the six basic emotions identified by Paul Ekman?
- Anger
- Fear
- Sadness
- Disgust
- Happiness
- Surprise
What is the James-Lange Theory of Emotion?
The conscious experience of emotion results from one’s perception of autonomic arousal.
What is the central concept of the James-Lange Theory?
Arousal occurs first, leading to the psychological component of emotion.
What criticism did Walter Cannon have about the James-Lange Theory?
Physiological arousal does not always lead to an emotion.
What is the Cannon-Bard Theory?
Emotions and physiological arousal occur simultaneously and independently.
Which structure did Cannon initially identify as central to emotion processing?
The thalamus.
What is the Schachter Two-Factor Theory?
Cognitive appraisals of arousal determine the appropriate emotion.
What does the Schachter Two-Factor Theory suggest about arousal?
Arousal occurs first, followed by cognitive appraisal.
What can similar autonomic arousals lead to according to Schachter’s theory?
Different subjective emotions.
True or False: The James-Lange Theory states that different patterns of autonomic arousal lead to different emotions.
True.
