Fascial Study Guide Flashcards
What is Classical Conditioning?
Learning occurs through pairing stimuli with responses
Key figures include Pavlov, who demonstrated this with dogs.
Define Unconditioned Stimulus (US)
A stimulus that naturally triggers a response
Example: food causing salivation.
Define Unconditioned Response (UR)
A natural reaction to an unconditioned stimulus
Example: salivating to food.
What is a Neutral Stimulus (NS)?
A stimulus that initially has no effect but can become conditioned through learning
Example: a bell before conditioning.
Define Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
A formerly neutral stimulus that triggers a conditioned response after association with the US
Example: bell causing salivation after conditioning.
What is a Conditioned Response (CR)?
A learned reaction to the conditioned stimulus
Example: salivation at the sound of a bell.
What does Generalization mean in Classical Conditioning?
Applying learned response to similar stimuli
Example: fear of all furry animals after being bitten by a dog.
Define Extinction in the context of Classical Conditioning.
Weakening of response when CS is presented without US
Gradual disappearance of the conditioned response.
What is Operant Conditioning?
Learning in which behavior is shaped by consequences
Key figure: Skinner.
What is Positive Reinforcement?
Increasing behavior by adding a rewarding stimulus
Example: giving candy for good behavior.
Define Negative Reinforcement.
Increasing behavior by removing an aversive stimulus
Example: turning off loud music when homework is finished.
What is Punishment in Operant Conditioning?
A consequence that decreases the likelihood of a behavior occurring again.
List the Schedules of Reinforcement.
- Fixed Ratio (FR)
- Variable Ratio (VR)
- Fixed Interval (FI)
- Variable Interval (VI)
These patterns determine how often a behavior is reinforced.
What is Observational Learning?
Learning by watching others and imitating their behavior
Key figure: Bandura.
What did the Bobo Doll Experiment demonstrate?
Children imitate aggressive behavior after watching an adult model aggression.
Define Sensory Memory.
Very brief retention of sensory information.
What is Short-Term Memory (STM)?
Temporary, limited storage of information.
Define Long-Term Memory (LTM).
Potentially unlimited storage over time.
What are the key processes of memory?
- Encoding
- Storage
- Retrieval
These are essential stages of memory.
What is Consolidation in memory?
Strengthening of memories over time.
Define Long-Term Potentiation (LTP).
Neural mechanism for memory formation.
What is Explicit Memory?
Memory of facts and experiences that require conscious recall.
Differentiate between Semantic and Episodic Memory.
- Semantic: General knowledge about the world
- Episodic: Personal experiences tied to a time and place.
What is Implicit Memory?
Memory that is retrieved automatically without conscious effort.
Define Procedural Memory.
Memory for skills and actions.
What is Anterograde Amnesia?
Inability to form new memories after brain damage.
Define Retrograde Amnesia.
Loss of memories from before the brain damage.
What are Phonemes?
Smallest units of sound in a language.
Define Morphemes.
Smallest units of meaning in a language.
What is Syntax?
Rules for sentence structure.
Define Semantics.
Meaning of words and phrases.
What is the Behaviorist Theory of Language Acquisition?
Language is learned through reinforcement and imitation.
What is the Nativist Theory of Language Acquisition?
Humans have an innate Language Acquisition Device (LAD) that facilitates learning.
What is Broca’s Area responsible for?
Speech production.
Define Wernicke’s Area.
Brain region responsible for language comprehension.
What is Functional Fixedness?
Inability to use objects in novel ways.
Define Mental Set.
Sticking to old problem-solving strategies.
What are Heuristics?
Mental shortcuts that speed up decision-making.
What is the Framing Effect?
Decisions influenced by how information is presented.
What is Dual-Process Theory?
Two systems of thinking: System 1 (fast, intuitive) and System 2 (slow, analytical).
What did the Binet-Simon Test measure?
Mental age.
What is the formula for IQ in the Stanford-Binet Test?
IQ = (Mental Age / Chronological Age) × 100.
What do the Wechsler Intelligence Scales (WAIS & WISC) include?
Modern IQ tests with verbal and performance subtests.
What is Reliability in testing?
Consistency of a test’s results.
Define Validity.
Whether a test measures what it intends to measure.
What is the Nature vs. Nurture Debate regarding intelligence?
Genetic evidence suggests IQ is heritable; environmental evidence shows environment also affects IQ.
