Lecture 10 Flashcards
Who is considered the central figure in psychology known for his contributions to learning?
Ivan Pavlov
Pavlov is particularly famous for his work in classical conditioning.
What significant concept did Ivan Pavlov introduce through his experiments?
Classical Conditioning
Classical conditioning involves learning through the pairing of stimuli with responses.
What is the definition of an Unconditioned Stimulus?
Stimulus which evokes a response without prior conditioning
Example: Food, which evokes salivation in dogs.
What is an Unconditioned Response?
An unlearned reaction that occurs in response to an unconditioned stimulus
Example: Salivation in dogs in response to food.
Define Neutral Stimulus in the context of classical conditioning.
A stimulus which evokes no response without prior conditioning
Example: The bell before conditioning does not evoke salivation.
What is the purpose of a Trial in classical conditioning?
Any presentation of a stimulus or pair of stimuli.
What is a Conditioned Stimulus?
A previously neutral stimulus that has acquired the capacity to evoke a conditioned response through conditioning.
Define Conditioned Response.
A learned reaction to a conditioned stimulus that occurs because of previous conditioning.
What occurs after CONDITIONED STIMULUS -UNCONDITIONED STIMULUS (CS-US) pairing in classical conditioning?
The CS (conditioned stimulus) alone will produce a conditioned response.
True or False: Pavlov’s dogs were trained using a bell.
False
The dogs were actually trained with a buzzer; the bell was a mistranslation.
What concept explains the tendency of a conditioned response to occur in the presence of similar stimuli?
Generalization
Example: A child fearful of rabbits may also fear other furry objects.
What is Extinction in classical conditioning?
The gradual weakening and eventual disappearance of a conditioned response when the CS is presented without the US.
What significant work did Pavlov publish in 1897?
The Workings of the Digestive Glands
This work led to Pavlov winning the Nobel Prize in 1904.
What is the Law of Effect proposed by E.L. Thorndike?
If a response in the presence of a stimulus leads to satisfying effects, the association between the stimulus and the response is strengthened.
Define Operant Conditioning.
Responses come to be controlled by their consequences.
What type of reinforcement strengthens a response by presenting a rewarding stimulus?
Positive reinforcement.
What is the difference between Primary and Secondary Reinforcers?
Primary reinforcers satisfy biological needs;
secondary reinforcers acquire reinforcing qualities by being associated with primary reinforcers.
What are Schedules of Reinforcement?
They determine which occurrences of a specific response result in the presentation of reinforcement.
What is a Fixed-Ratio schedule?
Reward is given after a fixed number of non-reinforced responses.
What is a Variable-Interval schedule?
Reward can be given after a variable amount of time has elapsed.
Who is Albert Bandura and what concept did he introduce?
Canadian-American Psychologist; introduced Observational Learning.
What is Observational Learning?
Learning that occurs when an organism’s behaviour is influenced by the observation of others.
List the three main types of memory proposed by Atkinson & Shiffrin.
- Sensory Memory
- Short-Term Memory
- Long-Term Memory
What is the process of consolidation in memory?
The continual strengthening of memories accessed over time.
What is the definition of sensory memory?
A sensory store that preserves visual information for a brief period lasting from a fraction of a second to one second.
What are the three main types of memory according to Atkinson & Shiffrin?
- Sensory Memory
- Short-Term Memory
- Long-Term Memory
What is short-term memory (STM)?
A temporary memory store that is limited in both capacity and duration, lasting for a few seconds.
What is the process of rehearsal in short-term memory?
Repeating verbal information to keep it in active short-term memory.
How does working memory differ from short-term memory?
Working memory refers to how information is stored and manipulated, not just stored.
Who proposed the model of working memory?
Alan Baddeley and Graham Hitch in 1974.
What are the two separate systems within working memory proposed by Baddeley?
- Visual memory
- Verbal memory
What is the role of the central executive in Baddeley’s model of working memory?
Manages the use of working memory.
What is long-term memory (LTM)?
An unlimited capacity store that can hold information over lengthy periods of time.
What are the three key stages of long-term memory?
- Encoding
- Storage
- Retrieval
What is consolidation in the context of memory?
The gradual conversion of new, unstable memories into stable, durable memory codes stored in long-term memory.
What is long-term potentiation (LTP)?
The strengthening of connections between neurons when they depolarize together over time.
What is the most basic factor affecting memory storage?
Attention.
What does the levels-of-processing theory propose?
Deeper levels of processing result in longer-lasting memory codes.
What is elaboration in memory encoding?
Linking a stimulus to other information at the time of encoding.
What is implicit memory?
Memory that is recalled automatically, without the need for intentional recollection.
What is explicit memory?
Involves intentional recollection of previous experiences.
What are the two types of declarative (explicit) memories?
- Semantic memories
- Episodic memories
What is the role of the hippocampus in memory?
It is heavily involved in the formation of new memories and encodes contextual information.
What is anterograde amnesia?
The loss of memories for events that occur after the onset of amnesia.
What is retrograde amnesia?
The loss of memories for events that occurred prior to the onset of amnesia.
How does forgetting differ from amnesia?
Forgetting is a normal process of inability to recall information, while amnesia is a loss of specific memories.
What significant insight did H.M.’s case provide regarding memory?
It advanced our understanding of the role of the hippocampus in memory formation.
Semantic memory is
Stores facts and knowledge about the world
Eg language
Episodic memory is
Temporally dated information about personally experienced events
