Faisal Study Guide 4 Flashcards
What is Personality Psychology?
The study of individual differences in behavior, emotions, and thought patterns.
What is Social Psychology?
The study of how individuals think, feel, and behave in social situations.
What is the difference between Sociology and Social Psychology?
Sociology studies large groups and institutions, while social psychology focuses on individuals within a social context.
What are the Big Five Personality Traits?
- Openness to Experience
- Conscientiousness
- Extraversion
- Agreeableness
- Neuroticism
Define Openness to Experience in the Big Five Personality Traits.
Creativity, curiosity, preference for novelty.
Define Conscientiousness in the Big Five Personality Traits.
Organization, discipline, reliability.
Define Extraversion in the Big Five Personality Traits.
Sociability, assertiveness, energy in social settings.
Define Agreeableness in the Big Five Personality Traits.
Kindness, cooperation, trustworthiness.
Define Neuroticism in the Big Five Personality Traits.
Emotional instability, anxiety, mood swings.
What are the Dark Triad Personality Traits?
- Narcissism
- Machiavellianism
- Psychopathy
Define Narcissism.
Excessive self-focus, need for admiration, sense of superiority.
Define Machiavellianism.
Deceptive, manipulative, pragmatic in achieving goals.
Define Psychopathy.
Lack of remorse, impulsivity, antisocial behavior.
What is the Dark Tetrad?
- Narcissism
- Machiavellianism
- Psychopathy
- Sadism
Define Sadism in the context of personality traits.
Enjoyment of causing pain or suffering to others.
What is Psychodynamic Theory?
Personality is influenced by unconscious conflicts between the id, ego, and superego.
What is Humanistic Theory?
People strive for self-actualization; personality develops through personal growth and fulfillment.
What do Trait Theories suggest?
Personality consists of stable traits that influence behavior.
What are Social Schemas?
Cognitive structures that help us process and categorize social information.
Provide an example of Social Schema.
If someone is wearing a lab coat, we might assume they are a doctor or scientist.
What is Attribution Theory?
The process of explaining the causes of behavior and events.
What is Internal Attribution?
Behavior is due to personal traits or characteristics.
What is External Attribution?
Behavior is due to environmental factors.
Define Fundamental Attribution Error (FAE).
The tendency to overemphasize personal characteristics and underestimate situational factors when explaining others’ behavior.
What is Conformity?
Adjusting behavior to align with group norms.
What is Obedience?
Following direct orders from an authority figure.
What is Normative Influence?
Conforming to be liked or accepted.
What is Informational Influence?
Conforming because you believe others have accurate information.
Define Groupthink.
When a group prioritizes consensus over critical thinking, leading to poor decisions.
What is Group Polarization?
When group discussions strengthen the group’s dominant viewpoint.
What is Social Loafing?
People exert less effort in a group than when working alone.
What is the Bystander Effect?
People are less likely to help in an emergency when others are present.
What is Self-serving Bias?
Attributing success to internal factors and failure to external factors.
What are Implicit Attitudes?
Attitudes that are automatic and unconscious.
What are Explicit Attitudes?
Attitudes that are deliberate and conscious.
What is the Mere Exposure Effect?
Liking things we see more often.
Define Cognitive Dissonance Theory.
Psychological discomfort from conflicting beliefs/behaviors.
What is the Similarity Effect?
People are attracted to those similar to them.
What is the Matching Hypothesis?
People tend to choose partners of similar attractiveness.
What is the Reciprocity Effect?
Liking those who like us back.
What are the Universal Basic Emotions according to Ekman?
- Joy
- Sadness
- Anger
- Fear
- Surprise
- Disgust
What is the role of the Amygdala in emotion?
Involved in fear and emotional responses.
What are Drive Theories?
Theories that explain motivation based on biological drives.
What are Incentive Theories?
Theories that explain motivation based on external rewards.
Define Achievement Motivation.
Striving for success, mastery of challenges.
What is General Adaptation Syndrome?
A model of the body’s response to stress, consisting of three stages: Alarm, Resistance, Exhaustion.
What is Allostatic Load?
Chronic stress’s long-term damage to the body.
What are Constructive Coping mechanisms?
Healthy strategies for managing stress.
What are Defensive Coping mechanisms?
Strategies like denial and avoidance.
Define Learned Helplessness.
Giving up in the face of repeated failures.
