Lecture 11 - Substance abuse 1

Question 1

what are the three classes of substance abuse drugs?

Answer 1

depressants, stimulants, hallucinogens

Question 2

controlled substances:
schedule ____ are conisidered to have no medical use and high abuse. schedule ____ have the lowest risk.
schedule ___ Drugs require a new prescription each time

Answer 2

1 (ie heroin marijuanna, LSD);
5 (or 4);
2 (ie morphine, fentanyl, cocaine, PCP, barbs, oxycodone)

Question 3

loperamide is an example of a schedule ___ drug. why does it not get into the brain?

Answer 3

5 (risk is low AF);

pumped out by PgP transporter

Question 4

____ is an example of a synthetic opioid. it can cause _____;
K2/Spice is a synthetic ____:
bath salts are synthetic _____

Answer 4

desomorphine (krokodil);
gangrene/necrosis;
cannabinoid;
stimulants

Question 5

addiction path:

dopamine produced by the ____ affects the _____ (pleasure/valuation), ____ (memory and learning), and ____ (fear).

Answer 5

VTA;
nucleus accumbens;
hippocampus;
amygdala;

also striatum and frontal cortex involved

Question 6

dopamine “hijacks” the _____, which normally causes humans to find pleasure in food and sex

Answer 6

limbic system

Question 7

dopamine path:

patients with _____ do not develop addiction unless they are taking _____

Answer 7

parkinson’s;

L-DOPA

Question 8

dopamine is thought to be important in signalling the ____ ____ to provide ____ ____, which determines whether a product has desirable enough qualities to seek it out

Answer 8

nucleus accumbens;

incentive salience

Question 9

dopamine controls _____ activity in the amygdala. this NT can increase dopamine activity in the ___ ____:
destruction of this pathway reduces cocaine/morphine _____

Answer 9

glutamate;
nucleus accumbens;
reward

several experiments to back this up (see notes)

Question 10

long term potentiation:

persistent stimulation/chronic use of a drug causes increased ____ release = upregulate _____ expression

Answer 10

glutamate, AMPA

Question 11

both natural and unnatural rewards cause an increase in the _____ receptor ratio. which rewards cause a more persistent increase (ie cellular memory)?

Answer 11

AMPA/NMDA;

unnatural (ie cocaine)

Question 12

concerning addiction, CBT can help assist in what aspect of the persistent memory of addiction?

Answer 12

abstinence;

ie helps decrease memories of drug use quicker

Question 13

tolerance vs addiction:
which is psychological dependence?
which is physical dependance?
which is due to cellular adaptations of repeated activation?
which is associated with withdrawal symptoms?

Answer 13

addiction;
tolerance;
tolerance;
tolerance/physical dependence

Question 14

an example of ____ reinforcement is feeling good after taking the drug.

an example of ____ reinforcement is taking the drug to avoid feeling bad

Answer 14

positive;

negative

Question 15

compulsive vs impulsive stage:
which occurs initially?
which occurs with chronic use?
which is associated with baseline neutral effect?
which is associated with reward craving?

Answer 15

impulsive;
compulsive;
impulsive
impulsive

Question 16

compulsive vs impulsive:
which is associated with baseline negative effect?
which is associated with relief craving?
which is associated with pleasurable effects vs relief?

Answer 16

compulsive;
compulsive;
impulsive

Question 17

opioid withdrawal synmptoms:
\_\_\_\_ ('cold turkey');
\_\_\_\_ pupils;
\_\_\_\_ = classic symptom;
rhinorrhea, lacrimation, \_\_\_ body temp, \_\_\_\_ HR

Answer 17

piloerection;
dilated;
yawning;
increased. increased

also increased bp, anxiety, irritablity

Question 18

alcohol withdrawal:
when do withdrawal seizures occur usually?
2 common types of hallucinations that occur 12-48 hours after stopping?
when do DTs appear?
general treatment?

Answer 18

6-48 hours;
visual (most common according to FA), tactile (ie ants crawling);
48-96 hours;
benzos

phenytoin for seizures

Question 19

DT=due to downregulation of _____ and ____ CNS activity

Answer 19

GABA receptors;

icnreased

Question 20

DT is characterized by autonomic _____, _____ disturbances, and ____ ____ (acid base thing)

Answer 20

hyperactivity; electrolyte;

respiratory alkalosis

Question 21

benzo withdrawal symptoms:
rebound _____, _____ (sleep problem), seizures, depersonalization, depression;
symptoms are worse with _____

Answer 21

anxiety/panic attacks;
insomnia;
alcohol codependence

Question 22

weed:
2 overdose symptoms (v rare) = ___ and ____;
____ tolerance can occur, where you need to consume more to get same effects.
withdrawal symptoms include ____, ____, ____ appetite

Answer 22

convulsions, panic attacks;
psychoactive;
anxiety, depression, decreased

Question 23

cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome:
2 symptoms = ___ and ____;
relieved by _____

Answer 23

nausea, vomiting;

hot shower

Question 24

fatal toxicities:
opioids and alcohol can cause ____ ____:
stimulants kill via ____ or ____ typically;
choking on vomit with seizures is also another fun one

Answer 24

respiratory depression;

cardiac arrythmias, stroke

Question 25

what do you use for a opioid overdose?

mechanism of action?

Answer 25

naloxone;
mu opioid antagonist

precipitates immediate withdrawal

Question 26

what drug can cause flashbacks?

Answer 26

LSD

Question 27

is heroin more or less lipophillic than morphine?

it is a _____

Answer 27

MORE (due to 2 acetyl groups);

prodrug

Question 28

what is added to heroin to improve potency, sometimes to a fatal extent?

Answer 28

fentanyl

Question 29

_____ is a plant containing opioids that is sometimes used to help with opioid addiction, although it may be addictive itself

Answer 29

kratom