Lecture #11, Exam 2 Flashcards
Multiple sclerosis causes…
demyelination of axons that over time results in scarring of white matter called sclerotic plaque. the body’s immune system attacks myelin (immune mediating disorder), which alters the ability of the axon to move an action potential.
When does MS onset occur?
in young or middle adulthood although 5% of cases are jeuvenile.
What are the risk factors?
being female, being farther from the equator, having a first degree relative, having a monozygotic twin (25% chance).
Having a monozygotic twin with MS increases your risk by 25%. What does this mean?
that there are significant environmental factors at play.
Your risk of developing MS is set by what age?
15
Name an MS hot and cold spot.
Iceland is a hotspot and Indigenous Arctic peoples (like the Inuit) are a coldspot.
What environmental factors increase your risk of MS?
exposure to Epstien-Barr, cigarette smoking and vitamin D levels.
What are the subtypes of MS?
relapsing remitting, primary progressive, and secondary progressive.
MS symptoms primarily depend on what?
the area of the brain and spinal cord being attacked.
What are the possible symptoms of MS?
optic neuritis of one eye urinary incontinence contralateral hemiparesis sensory symptoms like dizziness and vertigo( from damage to the vestibulocochlear nerve.) fatigue memory dysfunction general slowing of cognition (Bradyphrenia.) depression (Primary and secondary)
what are the three kinds of intervention for MS?
disease modifying (Avonex, and Copaxane) symptom modifying (meds for incontinency, fatigue or pain), and relief of flareups (steroids.)
What are the requirements for a presumptive MS diagnosis?
2 separate episodes fo symptoms w each having neural imaging mapping 2 separate affected areas of the brain, along with evidence of inflammation in white matter.
What are the roles of a neuropsychologist in MS?
quantifying and verifying presence of cognitive function
outlining strengths and impairments
family education
rehabilitation including memory aides, psychotherapeutic services to minimize depression and anxiety and prolong quality of life.
What are neoplasms?
brain tumors
what are the two categories of neoplasms?
Primary and Secondary
What are the primary neoplasms?
meningiomas glioblastomas oligodendrogliomas astrocytoma ependymomas choroid plexus carcinomas cranial nerve tumors schwannoma (PNS) acoustic neuroma pituitary body tumors pineal body tumors cerebellar tumors
What are the secondary neoplasms?
from metastasizing cancers found elsewhere, ex: breast cancer tumors in the brain.
What is a glioblastoma multiforma?
bad. rapidly progressing with a life expectancy of 11 months from diagnosis to death. It varies with age. 20 year old’s have a 62% 5 year survival rate whereas 75 year old’s have a 6% 5 year survival rate.
What are the symptoms of a GBM?
headaches, nausea, vomiting, cognitive changes, confusion or disorientation, new onset of seizure disorder after middle age.
How are Neuropsychologist involved in the treatment of GBM?
they delineate cognitive and emotional changes
provide rehab
use psychotherapeutic techniques
engage in long term follow up
is not empathic with family, but appropriately optimistic and capable of designing interventions as effective as possible.
What are the two gradients in synaptic transmission?
electric and concentration
What are the three types of channels?
electrically gated, mechanically gated, and chemically gated, which can be further divided into direct and indirect subtypes.
Explain the unequal distribution of ions inside and outside the cell.
Na+ is 10x more concentrated outside than inside
K+ is 35x more concentrated inside than outside
Ca++ has more outside then inside.
