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Neuropsychology > Ch 3 vocab > Flashcards

Ch 3 vocab Flashcards

1
Q

stroke

A

an interruption of blood flow to the brain that kills brain cells and causes neurological symptoms to appear suddenly.

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2
Q

ischemia

A

deficient blood flow to the brain due to functional constriction of a blood vessel by a clot.

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3
Q

hemorrhagic stroke

A

stroke resulting from a burst vessel bleeding into the brain

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4
Q

Tissue plasminogen activator

A

(t-PA) breaks up clots and allows blood flow to return to the affected region.

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5
Q

tracts

A

fiber pathways in the brain

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6
Q

ipsilateral

A

structures that lie on the same side of the brain

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7
Q

contralateral

A

structures on opposite sides of the brain

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8
Q

bilateral

A

structures on both sides of the brain

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9
Q

Proximal

A

structures that are close together

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10
Q

Distal

A

structures farther away from each other

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11
Q

afferent

A

toward the brain

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12
Q

efferent

A

away from the brain

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13
Q

precentral gyrus

A

aka: gyrus precentralis (Latin), motor strip, Jackson’s strip, primary motor cortex (M1), somatomotor strip, motor homunculus, area pyramidalis.

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14
Q

parasympathetic nerves

A

part of ANS, “rest and digest.”

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15
Q

sympathetic nerves

A

part of ANS, “fight or flight.”

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16
Q

meninges

A

triple-layered set of membranes including the dura mater, arachnoid membrane and pia mater.

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17
Q

hydrocephalus

A

“water brain” a build up of CSF from a blockage of outflow channels.

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18
Q

blood-brain barrier

A

limits the movement of chemicals from the rest of the body into the CNS and protects the brain from toxic substances and infections.

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19
Q

anterior cerebral artery

A

(ACA) irrigates the medial and dorsal parts of the cortex.

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20
Q

middle cerebral artery

A

(MCA) irrigates the lateral surface of the cortex

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21
Q

posterior cerebral artery

A

irrigates ventral and posterior surfaces

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22
Q

neural stem cell

A

a germinal cell, stem cells of the brain that create neurons and glia.

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23
Q

progenitor cells

A

migrate and act as precursor cells that give rise to blasts.

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24
Q

blasts

A

nondividing primitive nervous system cell types

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25
Q

sensory receptor

A

a cell that transduces sensory information into nervous system activity

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26
Q

bipolar neuron

A

simplest sensory receptor. consists of a cell body with a dendrite on one side and an axon on the other and is found in the retina of the eye.

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27
Q

somatosensory neuron

A

projects from a sensory receptor in the body to the spinal cord. Its dendrites and axons are connected, which speeds information conduction as it does not have to pass through the cell body.

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28
Q

Interneurons

A

link up sensory and motor neuron activity in the CNS. Multiple dendrites that branch extensively, with a lot of different types. includes stellate cells, pyramidal cells, and Purkinje cells of the cerebellum.

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29
Q

motor neurons

A

brainstem and spinal cord. Project to facial and body muscles. together are called the “final common path”

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30
Q

Ependymal cells

A

line the brain’s ventricles and make CSF.

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31
Q

Astroglia

A

provide structural support and nutrition to neurons.

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32
Q

Microglia

A

(tiny glia) fight infection and remove debris.

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33
Q

Oligodendroglia

A

(few branches) insulate neurons in the CNS

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34
Q

Schwann cells

A

insulate sensory and motor neurons in the PNS.

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35
Q

myelin

A

insulation for sensory and motor neurons; lipid.

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36
Q

gray matter

A

grey-brown color from capillaries and neuronal cell bodies. cortex is made up mostly of layers of neurons of grey matter.

37
Q

white matter

A

consists largely of axons that extend from these cell bodies to form connections with neurons in other brain areas.

38
Q

Reticular matter

A

gray and white “net” like appearance. mixture of cell bodies and axons

39
Q

ganglia

A

clusters or layers of neurons in the PNS.

40
Q

nerves

A

fibers and fiber pathways that enter and leave the CNS. called tracts when in the CNS.

41
Q

prosencephalon

A

“front brain” responsible for olfaction in reptiles

42
Q

mesencephalon

A

“middle brain” seat of vision and hearing in reptiles

43
Q

rhombencephalon

A

“hind brain” controls movement and balance in reptiles

44
Q

Telencephalon

A

“endbrain” advanced prosencephalon in mammals that make up the cerebral hemispheres.

45
Q

diencephalon

A

“between brain” advanced posterior prosencephalon in mammals, includes the thalamus.

46
Q

metencephalon

A

“across brain” advanced rhombencephalon in mammals that includes the cerebellum

47
Q

myelencephalon

A

“spinal brain” advanced rhombencephalon that includes the lower region of the brainstem.

48
Q

ventricles

A

hollow pockets in the brain that store CSF.

49
Q

cerebral aqueduct

A

connects the third or fourth ventricles

50
Q

dermatome

A

“skin cut” 30 total; sections of body that correspond to specific nerves of the spinal cord.

51
Q

posterior root

A

band of strands of afferent fibers that enter the posterior spinal cord to bring information in from the body’s sensory receptors.

52
Q

anterior root

A

collection of spinal nerve fibers that exit the spinal cord anteriorly that take efferent fibers to carry information to the muscles.

53
Q

Bell-Magendie Law

A

principle that the dorsal or posterior roots are sensory and the ventral or anterior roots are motor.

54
Q

paraplegic

A

persons whose spinal cord is cut below the cervical vertebrae and who have no use of their legs.

55
Q

quadraplegic

A

persons with a spinal cord cut above the cervical vertebrae that have no use of legs or arms.

56
Q

reflexes

A

produced by the spinal cord’s neural circuits, specific movements that elicit specific forms of sensory stimulation.

57
Q

flexion reflexes

A

stimulation of pain and temperature receptors in a limb produce these. reflex that brings the limb inward, toward the body and away from injury.

58
Q

extension reflexes

A

stimulation of fine touch and muscle receptors cause this, which extend the limb outward, away from the body.

59
Q

cranial nerves

A

12 pairs, convey sensory and motor signals to and from the head.

60
Q

referred pain

A

pain felt in one area of the body due to pain in internal organs.

61
Q

cerebellum

A

most distinctive hindbrain structure; protrudes above the brainstem core, gathered into folia like the cortex but smaller, and its base contains several nuclei that send connections to other parts of the brain. evolved in size parallel to the neocortex. 4x more neurons than cortex, but dense.
Plays a role in motor coordination/learning and may participate in coordinating other mental processes.
Damage to the area results in equilibrium problems, postural defects, and impairments of skilled motor activity.

62
Q

folia

A

folds of tissue in the cerebellum

63
Q

reticular formation

A

see fig. 3.18 pg 71 for position; reticular activating system. responsible for maintaining arousal or consciousness.
Damage results in permanent unconsciousness.

64
Q

tectum

A

“roof” the roof of the third ventricle; receives a massive amount of sensory information from the ears and eyes.

65
Q

tegmentum

A

located anteriorly, a motor structure or the “floor” of the third ventricle

66
Q

superior colliculi

A

one pair of nuclei in the tectum that receive projections from the retina

67
Q

inferior colliculi

A

lower pair of nuclei in the tectum that receive projections from the ear

68
Q

red nucleus

A

nuclei of the tegmentum that control limb movements

69
Q

substantia nigra

A

“black substance” nuclei of the tegmentum that connect to the forebrain. this connection is important for rewarding behaviors such as approaching desired objects.

70
Q

periacqueductal grey matter

A

PAG; made up of cell bodies that surround the cerebral aqueduct and contains circuits for controlling species-typical behaviors (sexual behavior) and for modulating pain responses.

71
Q

hypothalamus

A

.3% of brain matter, 22 nuclei, take part in nearly all aspects of motivated behavior. connects to and interacts with the pituitary gland to control endocrine functions.

72
Q

thalamus

A

largest structure in the diencephalon; 20 nuclei that project to speciric areas of the cerebral cortex (Fig 3.20, pg. 72)

73
Q

epithalamus

A

posterior end of the diencephalon; includes pineal gland (melatonin) and the habenula (regulates hunger and thirst.)

74
Q

basal ganglia

A

lies beneath the anterior regions of the cortex, collection of nuclei forming a circuit with the cortex. associated with movement and learning.

75
Q

neocortex

A

six layered, “new bark”

76
Q

limbic system

A

plays a role in self-regulatory behaviors including emotion, personal memories, spatial behavior, and social behavior.

77
Q

amygdala

A

“almond” nuclei at the base of the temporal lobe that participates in emotion (part of limbic system)

78
Q

hippocampus

A

“sea horse” structure lying in the anterior medial region of the temporal lobe that participates in personal memory.

79
Q

the cingulate cortex

A

“girdle” a three layered strip of limbic cortex that lies just above the corpus callosum along the medial walls of the cerebral hemispheres. is involved in sexual behavior, among other social interactions.

80
Q

central sulcus

A

binds frontal lobes posteriorly.

81
Q

projection map

A

shows locations on the cortex that process various types of sensory information and those that produce movement.

82
Q

primary areas

A

receive projections from the major sensory systems or send motor projections to the muscles.

83
Q

secondary areas

A

interconnected w primary areas, they are involved in elaborating information received from primary areas or (primary motor) send commands to the primary area.

84
Q

tertiary areas

A

aka association cortex; encompass all cortex not specialized for sensory or motor function. instead they mediate complex activities such as language, planning, memory, and attention.

85
Q

cytoarchitectonic maps

A

(cell maps) parcel the cortex into many subregions.

86
Q

Brodmann’s map

A

early cytoarchitectonic map (1909) by Korbinian Brodmann. divided the brain at the central sulcus and then examined the front and back halves separately, numbering new conformations of cells as he found them but without following a methodical path over the surface.

87
Q

homotopic points

A

points that correspond to each other in the brain’s mirror-image structure.

88
Q

decussations

A

crossings of sensory and motor fibers along the midline of the nervous system.

Neuropsychology (44 decks)

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