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Neuropsychology > Basic Brain Anatomy > Flashcards

Basic Brain Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Name the basic structures in the telencephalon

A 
A.	Cerebral hemispheres
B.	Basal ganglia: movement
C.	Hippocampus
D.	Amygdala
E.	Corpus callosum
F.	Anterior and posterior commissures
G.	Internal capsule
H.	Lateral ventricles
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2
Q

Name the basic structures in the Basal ganglia.

A 
caudate nucleus   
striatum
putamen                  
 lenticular or lentiform nucleus
global pallidus
subthalamic nucleus
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3
Q

Name the basic structures in the diencephalon.

A 
A.	Thalamus
1.	lateral geniculate nucleus
2.	medial geniculate nucleus
B.	Hypothalamus
C.	Pituitary
D.	Pineal body
E.	IIIrd ventricle
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4
Q

Name the basic structures of the mesencephalon.

A 
A.	Cerebral crura
B.	Superior and inferior colliculi (collectively referred to as the tectum)
C.	Substantia nigra
D.	Cerebral aqueduct
E.	Reticular formation
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5
Q

Name the basic structures of the metencephalon.

A

A. Pons
B. Cerebellum
C. IVth ventricle

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6
Q

The medulla is a basic brain structure that makes up the…

A

myencephalon.

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7
Q

List the twelve cranial nerves.

Ooo. That tiny ant finds very great value at home.

A
  1. Olfactory
  2. Occipital
  3. Oculomotor
  4. trochlear
  5. trigeminal
  6. Abducens
  7. Facial
    8: Vestibulocochlear
  8. Glossopharyngeal
  9. Vegas
  10. Accessory
  11. Hypoglossal
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8
Q

How were the four lobes of the brain named?

A

They were named based on the bone structures beneath them.

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9
Q

What is the limbic system involved with?

A

structures that are involved in processing emotion

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10
Q

What functions are associated with the frontal lobes?

A

voluntary motor functions
executive functions
personality (a pattern of thinking, feeling, and behaving that is stable)

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11
Q

What functions are associated with the parietal lobes?

A

spatial function

somatosensation

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12
Q

What functions are the temporal lobes associated with?

A

primary auditory processing
memory and emotion
olfaction

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13
Q

What functions are the occipital lobes associated with?

A

predominantly visual processing (although other structures are involved in vision as well.)

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14
Q

Neocortex covers what percent of the cerebral cortex?

A

90%

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15
Q

What other two cortices exist in relation to the neocortex? (Old cortices?)

A

archeocortex

paleocortex

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16
Q

How many distinct layers does the neocortex have?

A

6

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17
Q

How many layers of archeocortex exist, and what is one area where you will find that kind of cortex?

A

they have 2-3 layers, and are found in the hippocampus.

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18
Q

What is the name of the red nucleus just below the cerebral hemispheres near the brain stem that has two distinct patterns of tissue?

A

that is the lentiform nucleus, with the light red outer section being the putamen and the dark inner section being the globus pallidus.

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19
Q

What is the C-shaped structure that sits next to and is associated with the putamen and globus pallidus?

A

the caudate nucleus.

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20
Q

The caudate nucleus, the putamen, and the globus pallidus make up what brain structure?

A

the basal ganglia

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21
Q

Other than the basal ganglia which is weird, what is the typical distinction between nucleus and ganglion?

A

one is in the brain (nucleus) and the other is in the body (ganglion.)

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22
Q

What are the functions of the basal ganglia?

A

angular momentum and acceleration deceleration of refined motor movements

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23
Q

What other structure is linked to the basal ganglia that helps in regard to movement?

A

the substantia nigra, degradation of which produces motor disfunction like we see in Parkinson’s disease.

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24
Q

What other structure is sometimes associated with the basal ganglia, other than the substantia nigra?

A

the subthalamic nucleus.

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25
Q

What two structures make up the striatum?

A

caudate nucleus and putamen.

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26
Q

True or false. the caudate nucleus and the putamen, though separated by white matter, essentially are the same thing.

A

True.

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27
Q

True or false. The putamen, while next to the globus pallidus, does not perform the same function.

A

True.

28
Q

What structure sits inside the temporal lobe?

A

the hippocampus

29
Q

What is the hippocampus responsible for?

A

semantic and episodic memory processing (declarative memory)

30
Q

True or false. Memories are stored in the hippocampus.

A

False. not stored there.

31
Q

Where is the amygdala located?

A

right in front of the horns of the hippocampus.

32
Q

What is the amygdala responsible for?

A

emotional memory, sexual and aggressive behaviors

33
Q

The amygdala is a critical structure in what system?

A

the limbic system

34
Q

What is the corpus callosum?

A

big thick band of axons that cross hemispheres. myelinated axons (200 million) cut in split brain procedure. allows communication between hemispheres.

35
Q

What two commissures other than the corpus callosum exist in the telencephalon?

A

anterior and posterior commissure.

36
Q

True or false. There are axons in the frontal lobes in the motor cortex that send axons down to the spinal cord.

A

True.

37
Q

The place where the axons cross near the basal ganglia, where they separate the caudate and putamen, is called what?

A

the internal capsule.

38
Q

What is the newest part of the brainstem?

A

the diencephalon.

39
Q

What is the thalamus?

A

a little egg in the diencephalon. It is a collection of nuclei (2 dozen) sensory relay nuclei. (not olfaction) Processes and relays information. Sensory processing and relay nuclei.

40
Q

Lateral geniculate nucleus is located in the

A

thalamus. Intermediate point for visual information.

41
Q

Medial geniculate nucleus is located in the…

A

thalamus. auditory input from the inferior colliculi and goes up to the temporal lobe for processing of auditory information.

42
Q

Connections from thalamus to cortex, and cortex has neurons to the thalamus.

A

thalamo-cortico-thalamic loops, which are responsible for alertness and arousal, sleep wake cycles, and consciousness, damage ends up in coma.

43
Q

The hypothalamus sits below the thalamus. What functions is it involved with?

A

nuclei for hunger and thirst, fight or flight response, reproductive behavior. all hard wired, don’t need to be learned. Sleep wake cycling, thermoregulation, exc. Controls the pituitary gland

44
Q

The pituitary gland is not often seen because?

A

its often harvested for hormones that are able to be synthesized.

45
Q

Where is the pituitary gland?

A

it extends directly off the base of the hypothalamus. It is often considered part of the endocrine system and the central nervous system.

46
Q

What is the pituitary gland responsible for?

A

release of a variety of hormones that serve various functions in the body. thyroid, ovaries, testes, uterine contraction and lactation, bodily metabolism.

47
Q

What gland is the most obvious link between the central nervous system and the endocrine system?

A

the pituitary gland.

48
Q

pineal body is located….

A

dead center in the brain. (Rene Descartes’s seat of soul.)

49
Q

pineal body is primary known for the release of

A

melatonin, necessary for biological cycles like the menstrual cycle, sleep wake and ultradian rhythms (110 minutes cycle)

50
Q

On the front of the mesencephalon, there are two dots near which are two columns that make up the

A

cerebral crura.

51
Q

What is the function of the cerebral crura?

A

down going motor tracks with myelinated axons a foot in length carrying the signal down the spinal cord from the cerebral crura.

52
Q

The four bumps that sit posteriorly to the cerebral crura are called the

A

superior and inferior colliculi.

53
Q

What are the functions of the superior colliculi?

A

visual processing

54
Q

What are the functions of the inferior colliculi?

A

auditory processing

55
Q

What is another named for the combined structures of the superior and inferior colliculi?

A

quadrigeminal bodies (means four siblings)

56
Q

What is another name for the colliculi, other than quadrigeminal bodies?

A

the tectum.

57
Q

What are the dark structures that sit just behind the cerebral crura called?

A

the substantia nigra

58
Q

if the cerebral aqueduct is pinched shut, what happens?

A

a life-threatening emergency because the CSF will collect and swell, destroying brain tissue around it.

59
Q

What is the reticular formation.

A

it extends the whole length of the brainstem from the diencephalon all the way down to the medulla. loosely connected neurons spread out in a netlike structure of white and grey matter. Sometimes referred to as the reticular activating system.

60
Q

What is the function of the reticular formation?

A

neurons from the core of brainstem to cortex to keep you awake and alert. damage results in coma.

61
Q

What is the cerebellum involved in?

A

coordination, rhythm, sequencing of movement.

62
Q

What is the pons?

A

a collection of white matter that connects the two halves of the cerebellum, as well as axons from frontal lobe to cerebellum. from cerebellum down to the brain stem and spinal cord. lateral fibers from one hemisphere to the other, downward from the cerebral hemisphere to cerebellum, more going down from cerebellum to spinal cord, plus upgoing somatosensation fibers.

63
Q

Where is the fourth ventricle lcoated?

A

between the pons, cerebellum and medulla.

64
Q

What is the lowest part of the brain

A

the medulla.

65
Q

What functions does the medulla serve?

A

basic life functions, cardiorespiratory functions, strokes are fatal. vomiting and sneezing are also here.

66
Q

The large opening where the medulla meets the spin al cord is called…

A

the foramen magnum.

Neuropsychology (44 decks)

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