Lecture 11 Enzyme Kinetics and Mechanisms of Action Flashcards
What are enzymes?
Enzymes are biological molecules, typically proteins
what is the job of enzymes?
speed up chemical reactions in cells
What are the main functions of enzymes in the body?
Enzymes aid in digestion and metabolism
what do enzymes serve as?
They serve as catalysts in biochemical processes.
how do enzymes aid in digestion and metabolism?
breaking down macromolecules into smaller, absorbable units.
What are some industrial applications of enzymes?
Enzymes are used in producing biofuels, detergents, and textiles, and can create a faded effect in denim by cleaning carbon-carbon bonds.
What is the active site of an enzyme?
region of enzyme that allows the substrate to bind which converts enzyme into product.
what are the different types of enzyme specificity?
monospecific or polyspecific
what does monospecific mean?
enzymes binding to one substrate
what does polyspecific mean?
enzyme binding to multiple substrates
What is enzyme kinetics?
the study of enzyme-catalyzed reaction rates provides insight into enzyme action and binding affinity.
What is the Michaelis-Menten model?
A model describing the relationship between enzyme activity and substrate concentration, helping to understand enzyme kinetics.
What does the Michaelis constant (Km) represent regarding binding affinity?
a measure of the binding affinity of an enzyme for its substrate.
What are the mechanisms of enzyme regulation?
allosteric regulation
covalent modification
what is allosteric regulation?
binding to a non-active site
What are zymogens?
inactive enzyme precursors that require proteolytic cleavage to become active.
what is a covalent modification?
attachment/removal of chemical groups
What is the relationship between Km and binding affinity?
A lower Km indicates a higher binding affinity between the enzyme and its substrate.
What is the effect of enzymes on activation energy?
Enzymes lower the activation energy required for a reaction, increasing the rate of the reaction.
what type of enzyme is proteolytic cleavage done on?
often used in digestive enzymes.
What is proteolytic cleavage?
A process that activates enzymes by removing part of the protein structure
What does the initial rate of reaction (vā) measure?
the rate at which the reaction occurs as soon as the substrate binds to the enzyme.
What does the Beer-Lambert Law state?
The law states that the absorbance of light by a solution is directly proportional to its concentration.
What does the Michaelis-Menten equation represent?
It mathematically describes enzyme kinetics, showing how reaction rate (vā) depends on substrate concentration ([S])
what does Vmax represent?
the maximum rate of reaction
what does Km represent in terms of reaction rate?
the substrate concentration at which the reaction rate is half of Vmax.
How does the initial rate of reaction change with varying substrate concentrations?
The initial rate increases with substrate concentration until it reaches a maximum velocity (Vmax).
