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BPK 336 - Histology > Lecture 11 - Digestive Tract > Flashcards

Lecture 11 - Digestive Tract Flashcards

1
Q

how are accessory organs and gland connected to the muscular tube?

A

via duct

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2
Q

def: prominent aggregations of lymphoid tissue within the digestive system

A

gut-associated lymphoid system (GALT)

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3
Q

def: includes the epithelium, supporting lamina propria and thin smooth muscle layer: muscularis mucosae which produce local movement and folding

A

mucosa

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4
Q

def: thick connective tissue layer that contains glands, arteries, veins, lymphatics, and nerves

A

submucosa

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5
Q

def: surrounds the submucosa and is composed of two muscle layers: inner circular and outer longitudinal, they move perpendicularly to one another in peristalsis

A

muscularis externus

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6
Q

def: consists of connective tissue contains blood vessels, nerves, fat, lined by mesothelium in portions of the tract within the peritoneal cavity

A

serosa/adventitia

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7
Q

what are the 4 types of papillae on the dorsal surface of the tongue?

A
  1. filiform
  2. fungiform
  3. circumvallate
  4. foliate
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8
Q

def: elongated, conical shape, heavily keratinized, lack taste buds, provide rough surface or movement of food in chewing

A

filiform papillae

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9
Q

def: mushroom shaped, lightly keratinized, contain a few taste buds

A

fungiform papillae

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10
Q

def: large and dome shaped, contain most of the taste buds on the tongue

A

circumvallate papillae

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11
Q

def: continuously flushing taste buds to remove food particles and allow taste buds to process new stimuli

A

serous glands

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12
Q

def: ovoid structures, each containing 50-75 cells, within the stratified epithelium of the tongue and the oral mucosa

A

taste buds

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13
Q

how often do gustatory cells turn over

A

7-10 days

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14
Q

what are the five categories of tastants?

A
  1. metal ions = salty
  2. hydrogen ions = sour
  3. sugars = sweet
  4. alkaloids = bitter
  5. amino acids such as glutamate = umami
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15
Q

salty and sour tastes produced by what kind of channels and other taste categories are mediated by what kind of receptors?

A

salty and sour = ion channels
other tastes = G-protein-coupled receptors

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16
Q

what kind of protective epithelium is in the mucosa of the oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, and anal canal

A

stratified squamous epithelium

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17
Q

what are the 3 divisions of muscle in the esophagus?

A
  1. skeletal muscle in the proximal esophagus
  2. mixed skeletal muscle in the middle
  3. smooth muscle in the distal esophagus
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18
Q

def: where the esophagus ends, an abrupt transition from stratified squamous epithelium in the esophagus to simple columnar epithelium in the stomach

A

gastro-esophageal junction

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19
Q

def: columnar epithelium of the stomach replaces the usual stratified squamous epithelium of the esophagus

A

Barrett’s esophagus

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20
Q

def: basic secretory unit of the stomach

A

gastric gland

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21
Q

def: cells that secrete intrinsic factor

A

parietal cells

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22
Q

def: cells that secrete pepsinogen

A

chief cells

23
Q

what lines gastric pits?

A

simple columnar epithelium

24
Q

where does the stomach become the duodenum?

A

the gastroduodenal junction

25
Q

def: identifiable by long gastric pits and glands, containing mucous secreting cells

A

pyloric stomach

26
Q

def: broad intestinal villi, separated by crypts and containing goblet cells

A

duodenum

27
Q

def: make up a brush border on the surface of columnar cells of the mucosal epithelium

A

microvilli

28
Q

def: finger-like projections of the epithelium and lamina propria that project into the lumen

A

villi

29
Q

def: folds of the mucosal epithelium, lamina propria, muscularis mucosa and submucosa that projects into the lumen, are the most prominent in the jejunum

A

plicae circulares

30
Q

Brunner’s glands are only found in the _______________-

A

duodenum

31
Q

the villi tend to be longest in the __________ and become shorter towards the _____________

A

duodenum, ileum

32
Q

lymphoid tissue becomes more prominent in the _________ and is limited in the _______________

A

ileum, duodenum

33
Q

the proportion of goblet cells in the epithelium increases ___________

A

distally

34
Q

Plicae circulares are most prominent and numerous in the ______________ and proximal __________ and are generally absent in the proximal ________________ and distal ____________

A

jejunum, proximal ileum, proximal duodenum, distal ileum

35
Q

def: glands that produce alkaline mucous, they fill the submucosa and open into the mucosa to drain into the lumen

A

Brunner’s glands

36
Q

def: aggregates of lymphoid cells that provide immuno-surveillance and limit growth of pathogenic bacteria

A

Peyer’s Patch

37
Q

def: absorptive cells, tall columnar cells, each with an oval nucleus in the basal half of the cell

A

enterocytes

38
Q

goblet cell frequency increases from ________ to __________

A

proximal (duodenum) to distal (ileum)

39
Q

def: located in the basal portion of the intestinal crypts below the stem cells, are exocrine cells with large, eosinophilic secretory granules in their apical cytoplasm, contain enzymes and other proteins that act on bacteria contributing to innate immunity

A

Paneth cells

40
Q

what lines the large intestine?

A

mucosa is lined by columnar epithelium with small brush border and many goblet cells

41
Q

are there villi and plicae circularis in the large intestine?

A

no

42
Q

def: plexus between inner and outer layers of smooth muscle in the muscularis externa, mainly regulates smooth muscle contraction, peristalsis, and gastrointestinal motility

A

myenteric (Auerbach) plexus

43
Q

def: smaller plexus mostly regulates glandular secretion and membrane transport

A

submucosal (Meissner) plexus

44
Q

parasympathetic nerve fibers usually _________ digestion

A

activate

45
Q

sympathetic nerve fibers usually _________ digestion

A

inhibit

46
Q

what are the 3 main functions of the liver?

A
  1. metabolism of carbs, proteins and fats
  2. modification of exogenous substances such as drugs and alcohol
  3. formation and exocrine secretion of bile
47
Q

what is the functional unit of the liver?

A

hexagonal lobules that hepatocytes are arranged in

48
Q

each lobule surrounds a central vein and is bound by __ _________ _______

A

6 portal triads

49
Q

how does blood flow through each lobule?

A

centrally toward the central vein and eventually drains into the IVC

50
Q

how does bile flow through each lobule?

A

peripherally, produced by hepatocytes and collected in the duct

51
Q

both the portal vein and the hepatic arteries drain into _________ ___________ such that blood in the liver makes intimate contact with hepatocytes

A

fenestrated sinusoids

52
Q

which zone of the hepatic acinus is this: farthest away and is the site of most alcohol and drug detoxification

A

zone 3

53
Q

which zone of the hepatic acinus receives oxygen first?

A

zone 1

BPK 336 - Histology (12 decks)

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