Lecture 10 - Cardiorespiratory Flashcards
cardiovascular system consists of tubular structures with ________ __________ epithelium
simple squamous
def: endothelium and underlying basement membrane
tunica interna/intima
def: concentric layers of smooth muscle and elastin, the thickness of this layer is proportional to the contractile capacity of the vessel
tunica media
def: connective tissue, with its own blood supply, the vasa vasorum
tunica externa/adventitia
what are the main differences of arteries vs veins?
- the walls of arteries are thicker
- the cross sectional area and lumen of arteries is smaller
- in cross section, arteries are typically rounder
- the endothelial lining of arteries is folded, pleated or squiggly
def: aorta, pulmonary artery, common carotid artery, subclavian artery, and common iliac after, highly elastic walls, which expand in systole and recoil in diastole to sustain continuous blood flow despite pulsatile pumping of the heart
elastic arteries
in the thick tunica media of elastic arteries, what layers alternate
layers of smooth muscle cells alternate with elastic laminae
large veins have a much _______ tunica media and __________ tunica adventitia
thinner tunica media and substantial tunica adventitia
elastic fibers also present in large veins although _____ _________ and in less organized laminae
less abundant
def: regulate flow to organs and regions of the body based on demand via smooth muscle contraction, most of the named arteries in the body distal to elastic arteries are this kind, they travel with medium veins
muscular arteries
out of arteries, veins, and lymphatic vessels, which has sympathetic innervation?
arteries
where are sympathetic axons found?
at the border of the tunica media and tunica adventitia
what two elastic laminae are prominent in muscular arteries?
- internal elastic lamina
- external elastic lamina
- they gradually disappear as arteries diminish in size
def: the smallest arteries at 100 µm or less in outer diameter, are small resistance vessels that regulate flow into capillary beds, crucially regulate systemic blood pressure
arterioles
arteriole walls are ______ relative to the lumen, but typically consist of only 1-2 layers of smooth muscle
thick
why do endothelial cells of arterioles bulge into the lumen?
because they are contracted at fixation
def: general thickening and stiffening of the arteries
ateriosclerosis
def: specific type of arteriosclerosis in which a plaque forms inside the artery, reducing lumen diameter and flow
atherosclerosis
the histopathology of atherosclerosis involves:
- inflammation
- calcification
- fibrosis
- necrosis
def: designed for exchange of gases, nutrients, and metabolic waste, only have tunica intima, consists of endothelium, the basal lamina, and incomplete layer of contractile cells, pericytes
capillaries
what are the 3 kinds of capillaries?
- continuous
- fenestrated
- sinusoid
def: endothelial cells are closely attached to one another by tight specialized junctions, this type of capillary is most common and most closely regulates exchange of materials
continuous capillaries
what can pass through EC membrane through diffusion and what can pass through transcytotic vesicles
lipid soluble molecules = diffusion
larger water soluble molecules = transcytotic vesicles
def: pores in the endothelial cells that allow small molecules and limited amounts of protein to diffuse, continuous basal lamina, located in endocrine glands, intestines, pancreas and kidney glomeruli
fenestrated capillaries
def: have larger openings in the endothelium, these vessels allow red and white blood cells and various serum proteins to pass, aided by a discontinuous basal lamina, primarily located in bone marrow, lymph nodes, liver, spleen, adrenal gland
sinusoidal capillaries
why does the heart have three concentric tunics of vessel walls?
because it develops embryonically from a simple blood vessel
endocardium is homologous with…
tunica intima = endothelium and connective tissue
myocardium is homologous with…
tunica media = cardiac muscle
epicardium is homologous with…
tunica adventitia
are there satellites cells in cardiac muscle
no this is why they cannot regenerate
def: irreversible myocyte damage occurs within 20-30 minutes of ischemia, wavy cardiac myocytes appear
myocardial infarction
what do the basophilic nuclei in myocardial infarction tissue indicate?
early inflammatory invasion
what do cardiac myocytes look like within hours to days after infarct?
necrotic and pale, they take on water
what does ichemia look like in days-to weeks after infarct?
inflammatory response = full of inflammatory cells
after weeks of healing what does cardiac infarct look like?
dense, collagenous scar tissue every where, fibrosis decreases contractile function
the myocardium of the ventricles is ________ than the myocardium of the atria
thicker
the endocardium of the atria is _______ than the endocardium of the ventricles
thicker
the epicardium is covered by _____ ______________
thin mesothelium
def: single layer of flattened cells with dark, elongate nuclei, double-walled sac that contains the heart
visceral pericardium
def: adiposity that surrounds portions of the heart and contains nerves and vessels
epicardial fat
not only is epicardial fat a substantial cardiovascular risk factor, it can also….
mechanically constrict both the heart and the coronary vessels
T or F: epicardial adipose tissue exhibits a pro inflammatory secretome
True
def: modified cardiac cells that are scattered along the innermost part of the myocardium adjacent to the endocardium with the highest density in the intraventricular septum, larger and thicker than ordinary cardiac muscle cells, less myofibrils and abundant glycogen
purkinje fibers
what lines the conducting airways of the trachea-bronchial tree?
pseudo-stratified columnar epithelium
where in the trachea is there smooth muscle?
the posterior wall, trachialis
what kind of cartilage proximally reinforces the trachea?
hyaline cartilage
def: cells that produce mucous within the trachea and bronchi
goblet cells
def: cells that propel mucous and trapped debris up and out of the airways
ciliated cells
def: cells that rest on the basement membrane and can differentiate into other cell types
basal cells
conducting bronchioles are lined with….
simple columnar
respiratory bronchioles are lined with….
simple cuboidal
alveoli are lined with…
simple squamous
where do pulmonary veins travel?
in the septa
where do pulmonary arteries travel?
with the terminal bronchioles in the lung and branch to form capillaries that surround alveoli
def: pneumocytes that cover the majority of the surface and facilitate gas exchange
Type I pneumocyte
def: pneumocyte that produces surfactant
Type II pneumocyte
def: resident macrophages of the alveoli
dust cells
on LM and EM, what do type I pneumocytes look like:
relatively flattened nuclei
on LM and EM, what do type II pneumocytes look like:
round nuclei
on LM, what do dust cells look like:
dark and speckled
on EM, what do dust cells look like:
dark inclusions of phagocytosed material
