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BPK 336 - Histology > Lecture 10 - Cardiorespiratory > Flashcards

Lecture 10 - Cardiorespiratory Flashcards

1
Q

cardiovascular system consists of tubular structures with ________ __________ epithelium

A

simple squamous

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2
Q

def: endothelium and underlying basement membrane

A

tunica interna/intima

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3
Q

def: concentric layers of smooth muscle and elastin, the thickness of this layer is proportional to the contractile capacity of the vessel

A

tunica media

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4
Q

def: connective tissue, with its own blood supply, the vasa vasorum

A

tunica externa/adventitia

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5
Q

what are the main differences of arteries vs veins?

A
  1. the walls of arteries are thicker
  2. the cross sectional area and lumen of arteries is smaller
  3. in cross section, arteries are typically rounder
  4. the endothelial lining of arteries is folded, pleated or squiggly
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6
Q

def: aorta, pulmonary artery, common carotid artery, subclavian artery, and common iliac after, highly elastic walls, which expand in systole and recoil in diastole to sustain continuous blood flow despite pulsatile pumping of the heart

A

elastic arteries

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7
Q

in the thick tunica media of elastic arteries, what layers alternate

A

layers of smooth muscle cells alternate with elastic laminae

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8
Q

large veins have a much _______ tunica media and __________ tunica adventitia

A

thinner tunica media and substantial tunica adventitia

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9
Q

elastic fibers also present in large veins although _____ _________ and in less organized laminae

A

less abundant

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10
Q

def: regulate flow to organs and regions of the body based on demand via smooth muscle contraction, most of the named arteries in the body distal to elastic arteries are this kind, they travel with medium veins

A

muscular arteries

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11
Q

out of arteries, veins, and lymphatic vessels, which has sympathetic innervation?

A

arteries

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12
Q

where are sympathetic axons found?

A

at the border of the tunica media and tunica adventitia

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13
Q

what two elastic laminae are prominent in muscular arteries?

A
  • internal elastic lamina
  • external elastic lamina
  • they gradually disappear as arteries diminish in size
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14
Q

def: the smallest arteries at 100 µm or less in outer diameter, are small resistance vessels that regulate flow into capillary beds, crucially regulate systemic blood pressure

A

arterioles

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15
Q

arteriole walls are ______ relative to the lumen, but typically consist of only 1-2 layers of smooth muscle

A

thick

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16
Q

why do endothelial cells of arterioles bulge into the lumen?

A

because they are contracted at fixation

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17
Q

def: general thickening and stiffening of the arteries

A

ateriosclerosis

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18
Q

def: specific type of arteriosclerosis in which a plaque forms inside the artery, reducing lumen diameter and flow

A

atherosclerosis

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19
Q

the histopathology of atherosclerosis involves:

A
  • inflammation
  • calcification
  • fibrosis
  • necrosis
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20
Q

def: designed for exchange of gases, nutrients, and metabolic waste, only have tunica intima, consists of endothelium, the basal lamina, and incomplete layer of contractile cells, pericytes

A

capillaries

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21
Q

what are the 3 kinds of capillaries?

A
  1. continuous
  2. fenestrated
  3. sinusoid
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22
Q

def: endothelial cells are closely attached to one another by tight specialized junctions, this type of capillary is most common and most closely regulates exchange of materials

A

continuous capillaries

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23
Q

what can pass through EC membrane through diffusion and what can pass through transcytotic vesicles

A

lipid soluble molecules = diffusion
larger water soluble molecules = transcytotic vesicles

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24
Q

def: pores in the endothelial cells that allow small molecules and limited amounts of protein to diffuse, continuous basal lamina, located in endocrine glands, intestines, pancreas and kidney glomeruli

A

fenestrated capillaries

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25
Q

def: have larger openings in the endothelium, these vessels allow red and white blood cells and various serum proteins to pass, aided by a discontinuous basal lamina, primarily located in bone marrow, lymph nodes, liver, spleen, adrenal gland

A

sinusoidal capillaries

26
Q

why does the heart have three concentric tunics of vessel walls?

A

because it develops embryonically from a simple blood vessel

27
Q

endocardium is homologous with…

A

tunica intima = endothelium and connective tissue

28
Q

myocardium is homologous with…

A

tunica media = cardiac muscle

29
Q

epicardium is homologous with…

A

tunica adventitia

30
Q

are there satellites cells in cardiac muscle

A

no this is why they cannot regenerate

31
Q

def: irreversible myocyte damage occurs within 20-30 minutes of ischemia, wavy cardiac myocytes appear

A

myocardial infarction

32
Q

what do the basophilic nuclei in myocardial infarction tissue indicate?

A

early inflammatory invasion

33
Q

what do cardiac myocytes look like within hours to days after infarct?

A

necrotic and pale, they take on water

34
Q

what does ichemia look like in days-to weeks after infarct?

A

inflammatory response = full of inflammatory cells

35
Q

after weeks of healing what does cardiac infarct look like?

A

dense, collagenous scar tissue every where, fibrosis decreases contractile function

36
Q

the myocardium of the ventricles is ________ than the myocardium of the atria

A

thicker

37
Q

the endocardium of the atria is _______ than the endocardium of the ventricles

A

thicker

38
Q

the epicardium is covered by _____ ______________

A

thin mesothelium

39
Q

def: single layer of flattened cells with dark, elongate nuclei, double-walled sac that contains the heart

A

visceral pericardium

40
Q

def: adiposity that surrounds portions of the heart and contains nerves and vessels

A

epicardial fat

41
Q

not only is epicardial fat a substantial cardiovascular risk factor, it can also….

A

mechanically constrict both the heart and the coronary vessels

42
Q

T or F: epicardial adipose tissue exhibits a pro inflammatory secretome

A

True

43
Q

def: modified cardiac cells that are scattered along the innermost part of the myocardium adjacent to the endocardium with the highest density in the intraventricular septum, larger and thicker than ordinary cardiac muscle cells, less myofibrils and abundant glycogen

A

purkinje fibers

44
Q

what lines the conducting airways of the trachea-bronchial tree?

A

pseudo-stratified columnar epithelium

45
Q

where in the trachea is there smooth muscle?

A

the posterior wall, trachialis

46
Q

what kind of cartilage proximally reinforces the trachea?

A

hyaline cartilage

47
Q

def: cells that produce mucous within the trachea and bronchi

A

goblet cells

48
Q

def: cells that propel mucous and trapped debris up and out of the airways

A

ciliated cells

49
Q

def: cells that rest on the basement membrane and can differentiate into other cell types

A

basal cells

50
Q

conducting bronchioles are lined with….

A

simple columnar

51
Q

respiratory bronchioles are lined with….

A

simple cuboidal

52
Q

alveoli are lined with…

A

simple squamous

53
Q

where do pulmonary veins travel?

A

in the septa

54
Q

where do pulmonary arteries travel?

A

with the terminal bronchioles in the lung and branch to form capillaries that surround alveoli

55
Q

def: pneumocytes that cover the majority of the surface and facilitate gas exchange

A

Type I pneumocyte

56
Q

def: pneumocyte that produces surfactant

A

Type II pneumocyte

57
Q

def: resident macrophages of the alveoli

A

dust cells

58
Q

on LM and EM, what do type I pneumocytes look like:

A

relatively flattened nuclei

59
Q

on LM and EM, what do type II pneumocytes look like:

A

round nuclei

60
Q

on LM, what do dust cells look like:

A

dark and speckled

61
Q

on EM, what do dust cells look like:

A

dark inclusions of phagocytosed material

BPK 336 - Histology (12 decks)

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