Lecture 1: The study of human devlopment

Question 1

human psychology

Answer 1

is the study of human experience and behavior

Question 2

Human development

Answer 2

is the multidisciplinary study of how people’s experience and behavior change and how they remain the same over time

Question 3

Biological forces

Answer 3

genetic, hereditary, and health related factors

- (prenatal) brain maturation, puberty, menopause, aging, etc.

Question 4

Psychological forces

Answer 4

internal factros

- perceptual, cognitive, emotional and personality

Question 5

Sociocultural forces

Answer 5

interpersonal, ethnicity, and culture

people are part of a larger system

Question 6

Lyfe-cycle forces

Answer 6

timing (eg. of a pregnancy)

Question 7

Learning theories

Answer 7

the role of experience, examing whether a person’s behavior is rewarded or punished
(Behaviorism)

Question 8

Social Learning Theory

Answer 8

people learn from watching others around them

Question 9

operant conditioning

Answer 9

Consequence of a behavior determine wthether it is repated

reinforcemnt or punishment

Question 10

Observational learning (imitation)

Answer 10

learning results from paying attention to a model who is reinforced or punsihed for behavior

Question 11

Cognitve developmental theory

Answer 11

information processing

- Focus on thought processes and the construction of knowledge

Question 12

Ecological theory

Answer 12

human development is inseperable form the environemental context in which a person develops

Question 13

Ecological approach

Answer 13

• you can have multiple microsystems
• mesosystem provides connections across microsystems
• people might not experience exosystems (but it has influence on development)
• macrosystems evolve over time

Question 14

Life-span perspective (PAul Baltes)

Answer 14

1. Multidirectionality
2. Plasticity
3. Historical context
4. Multiple causation

Question 15

Selective optimization with compensation (SOC)

Answer 15

1. Elective selection
2. Loss-based selection
3. optimization
4. Compensation

Question 16

Elective Selection

Answer 16

form goals, choose goals, order goals

Question 17

Loss-Based Selection

Answer 17

reappraise the importance of goals, pursue only the most important goals

Question 18

Optimization (of means)

Answer 18

practise, time/effort/attention, imitate others who are sucessfull, external support

Question 19

Compensation (of losses)

Answer 19

mobilize ressources, practise more, more time/effort/attention, imitate other who are successful, external supports

Question 20

Social Learning Theory model (Bandura)

Answer 20

1. Attention
2. Memory
3. Physical capabilities
4. Motivation

Question 21

Ecological and System approach - Urie Bronfenbrenner (4 Systems)

Answer 21

1. Person
2. Mesosystem
3. Exosystem
4. Macrosystem

Question 22

Person (Ecological approach)

Answer 22

Biological context

Question 23

Mesosystem or Microsystem (Ecological approach)

Answer 23

immediate context

- family, school, religious affiliation, neigboorhood

Question 24

Exosystem (Ecological approach)

Answer 24

Socioeconomic context

- government institutions, wealth

Question 25

macrosystem (Ecological approach)

Answer 25

cultural context

- beliefs and values

Question 26

Erikson’s psychosocial Theory

Answer 26

1. Basic trust vs. Mistrust
2. Autonomy vs. shame and doubt
3. Initiative vs. guilt
4. Industry vs. Inferiority
5. Identity vs. role confusion
6. Intimacy vs. isolation
7. generativity vs. Stagnation
8. ego integrity vs. despair