Lecture 1: The study of human devlopment Flashcards
human psychology
is the study of human experience and behavior
Human development
is the multidisciplinary study of how people’s experience and behavior change and how they remain the same over time
Biological forces
genetic, hereditary, and health related factors
- (prenatal) brain maturation, puberty, menopause, aging, etc.
Psychological forces
internal factros
- perceptual, cognitive, emotional and personality
Sociocultural forces
interpersonal, ethnicity, and culture
people are part of a larger system
Lyfe-cycle forces
timing (eg. of a pregnancy)
Learning theories
the role of experience, examing whether a person’s behavior is rewarded or punished
(Behaviorism)
Social Learning Theory
people learn from watching others around them
operant conditioning
Consequence of a behavior determine wthether it is repated
reinforcemnt or punishment
Observational learning (imitation)
learning results from paying attention to a model who is reinforced or punsihed for behavior
Cognitve developmental theory
information processing
- Focus on thought processes and the construction of knowledge
Ecological theory
human development is inseperable form the environemental context in which a person develops
Ecological approach
- you can have multiple microsystems
- mesosystem provides connections across microsystems
- people might not experience exosystems (but it has influence on development)
- macrosystems evolve over time
Life-span perspective (PAul Baltes)
- Multidirectionality
- Plasticity
- Historical context
- Multiple causation
Selective optimization with compensation (SOC)
- Elective selection
- Loss-based selection
- optimization
- Compensation
Elective Selection
form goals, choose goals, order goals
Loss-Based Selection
reappraise the importance of goals, pursue only the most important goals
Optimization (of means)
practise, time/effort/attention, imitate others who are sucessfull, external support
Compensation (of losses)
mobilize ressources, practise more, more time/effort/attention, imitate other who are successful, external supports
Social Learning Theory model (Bandura)
- Attention
- Memory
- Physical capabilities
- Motivation
Ecological and System approach - Urie Bronfenbrenner (4 Systems)
- Person
- Mesosystem
- Exosystem
- Macrosystem
Person (Ecological approach)
Biological context
Mesosystem or Microsystem (Ecological approach)
immediate context
- family, school, religious affiliation, neigboorhood
Exosystem (Ecological approach)
Socioeconomic context
- government institutions, wealth
macrosystem (Ecological approach)
cultural context
- beliefs and values
Erikson’s psychosocial Theory
- Basic trust vs. Mistrust
- Autonomy vs. shame and doubt
- Initiative vs. guilt
- Industry vs. Inferiority
- Identity vs. role confusion
- Intimacy vs. isolation
- generativity vs. Stagnation
- ego integrity vs. despair
