lecture 1- intro to dev neuro

Question 1

what is meant by the statement “development is progressive”

Answer 1

cells gradually differentiate, their signals gradually become less potent

Question 2

what type of genes do neural cells express

Answer 2

multipotent

Question 3

what do progenitor cells express and what is the result of it

Answer 3

express genes that regulate faster cell cycle and code for proteins that direct differentiation and cell shape changes

Question 4

what do committed cells express and what is the result of it

Answer 4

express genes that regulate cell cycle exit/ code for proteins that enable terminal differentiation

Question 5

what does regionalization mean

Answer 5

sheets of cells breaking symmetry

Question 6

what is morphogenesis

Answer 6

shaping of cells

Question 7

what are the 2 different types of info to drive differentiation

Answer 7

extrinsic(other people)
intrinsic(self)

Question 8

how does intrinsic differentiation work and where does it come from

Answer 8

works by transcription factors controlling gene expression
comes from mother cells or asymmetrical division

Question 9

how does extrinsic differentiation work

Answer 9

chemical signals are received from neighbouring cells which changes the cells fate

Question 10

does extrinsic differentiation restrict or liberate cell fate

Answer 10

restrict

Question 11

what do loss of function mutations tell us about a signal

Answer 11

whether its required

Question 12

what are the 2 loss of function experiments we can do

Answer 12

take away cell A
if cell B doesnt turn into desired cell then A is required to cause cell fate

prevent protein release from cell A to B
if B doesnt turn into desired cell, protein and gene are required

Question 13

what does a gain of function mutation tell us about a signal

Answer 13

whether a signal is sufficient

Question 14

describe the 4 gain of function mutations

Answer 14

take cell A and move to ectopic location
if the cell changes to desired cell then cell A induces its fate

make protein secreted by cell A and transplant to ectopic cell
if the cell changes to desired cell then protein induces cell fate

induce the gene to another cell so that cell now makes the proteins
if a neighbouring cell then changes to desired cell fate, gene x is sufficient for cell fate

induce gene for receptor to another cell so that cell now makes the receptors
if the cell changes to desired cell, protein signalling pathway is sufficient for cell fate

Question 15

what does it mean if a signal is required

Answer 15

need it for cell fate to occur
if its removed, cell fate wont happen

Question 16

what does it mean if a signal is sufficient

Answer 16

drives a cell to adopt a fate, even in a different location