Lecture 1: Getting Started in Anatomy Flashcards
Fine
microscopic
Gross
macroscopic
Anatomy = The study of…
1) external body structures; 2) internal body structures; 3) relationship between structures; 4) careful observations of the human body
Cytology
study of cells
Histology
study of tissues
Regional Anatomy
all structures in a specific area of the body, whether they are superficial or deep (our approach)
Surface Anatomy
superficial anatomical markings
Systemic Anatomy
study of organ systems of the body
Developmental Anatomy
study of structural changes over time
Embryology
study of early developmental stages
Comparative Anatomy
comparing anatomy of different organisms
Clinical Anatomy
study of pathological changes due to illness
Surgical Anatomy
study of anatomical landmarks important for surgical procedures
Radiographic Anatomy
using x-rays and ultrasound to study structures inside an intact body
Cross-sectional Anatomy
uses radiographic techniques to look across sections of the body (CT/MRI)
Physiology = The study of..
1) how the body functions; 2) mechanisms of function, esp. at the cellular and molecular level
Principle of Complementarity
Function always reflects structure
Levels of Organization
hierarchy of complex biological structures and systems that define life, with each level composed of the previous level’s basic units
Major compound classes
water; carbohydrates; proteins; lipids; nucleic acids
Cell
the smallest living unit in the body
Tissue
many similar cells and their surrounding material
Organs
combination of tissues
Organ System
combination of organs that compose a certain system in the body
Organism
interworking organ systems
Function of Integumentary System
1) protection from environmental hazards; 2) temperature control
Function of Skeletal System
1) support and protection of soft tissues; 2) mineral storage; 3) blood formation
Function of Muscular System
1) locomotion; 2) support; 3) heat production
Function of Nervous System
1) directing immediate responses to stimuli; 2) coordinating activities of other organ systems
Function of Endocrine System
1) directing long term changes in the activities of other organ systems
Function of Cardiovascular System
1) internal transport of cells and dissolved materials (including nutrients, waters and gases)
Function of the Lymphoid System
1) defense against infection and disease
Function of the Respiratory System
1) delivery of air to sites where gas exchange can occur between air and blood
Function of the Digestive System
1) processing of food; 2) absorption of organic nutrients, minerals, vitamins and water
Function of the Urinary System
1) elimination of excess water, salts and waste; 2) control of pH
Function of the Reproductive System
1) production of sex cells and hormones
Anatomical Position
1) body erect; 2) feet slightly apart; 3) hands at the side; 4) palms facing forward; 5) thumbs point away from body
Anatomical Position: Directions refer to the point of view of the…not of the…
body; observer
