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Medical Histology > Lecture 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 1 Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

what tissue preparation method retains lipids and antigens?

A

frozen preparation

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2
Q

what tissue preparation loses lipids and some antigens?

A

paraffin

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3
Q

what are the benefits of paraffin preparation?

A

good for long term storage, easy to section, thin sections (5micrometers)

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4
Q

downfalls of paraffin preparation

A

loses lipids and antigens, harsh treatment, is time consuming

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5
Q

benefits of frozen prep

A

fast, retains lipids and antigens, better for some antibody labeling

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6
Q

downfalls of frozen prep

A

not good for long term storage, thicker sections (10-15 micrometers), difficulty to section

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7
Q

benefit of electron microscopy prep?

A

able to view ultrastructures

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8
Q

downfall of electron microscopy prep?

A

difficult and time consuming

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9
Q

general steps for slide preparation

A
  1. tissue removed
  2. dissected into small pieces
  3. fixed in formalin
  4. dehydrated in ethanol
  5. cleaned in xylene
  6. infiltrated with xylene/paraffin
  7. embedded in paraffin
  8. cut into thin sections using a microtome (5-6micrometers)
  9. mounted on slides
  10. stained
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10
Q

general steps of frozen section prep

A

rapidly fixed and frozen

cut using cryostat

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11
Q

when is frozen sectioning commonly used?

A

during surgery to make rapid dx

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12
Q

what is considered semi-thin sectioning?

A

0.5-2micrometer

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13
Q

what is considered ultra-thin sectioning?

A

30-60 nanometers

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14
Q

how are semi-thin and ultra-thin sections usually embedded?

A

expoxy, plastic, acrylic resin

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15
Q

after tissue specimens are mounted, what must happen in order for water soluble slides to penetrate the sections?

A

embedding process must be reversed, remove the paraffin (xylene, alcohol, water)

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16
Q

Hematoxylin color, affinity, and examples

A

toluidine blue, methylene blue - stains acidic structures purple

  • basophilic tissue with ph<7
    ex. nucleus, DNA, RNA, anionic macromolecules
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17
Q

Eosin color, affinity, examples

A 
acid fuchsin (pink) - acidic dye, stains basic structures pink 
acidophilic tissue with ph>7
ex. cytoplasmic, membrane proteins
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18
Q

What are the lipid soluble dyes and their affinities

A

Sudan black, oil red O
long chain hydrocarbons
ex. fats and oils, lipids in the liver

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19
Q

Example of multicomponent dyes

A

Periodic Acid-schiff (PAS) (intense magenta)

trichrome (Masson)
collagen=blue
nuclei=black
cytoplasm=pink

20
Q

what are multicomponent dye affinities?

A

complex carbohydrates

ex. glycogen, glycosaminoglycans

21
Q

Most common stain

A

hematoxylin and eosin (H&E)

22
Q

What color do basophilic tissues stain? are these tissues basic or acidic?

A

purple, acidic

23
Q

what color do eosinophilic/acidophilic tissues stain? are these structures basic or acidic?

A

pink, basic

24
Q

what is the purpose of staining

A

allows better visualization of cellular and extracellular components

25
Q

what is the purpose of embedding

A

reinforces tissue with harder supporting matrix, making it easier to section

26
Q

what is the purpose of fixation?

A

preserves the specimen and prevents putrefaction and autolysis of tissue

27
Q

what is the purpose of dehydration?

A

removes water from tissue to allow for paraffin embedding

28
Q

what is the purpose of clearing the tissue>

A

placing the specimen in solution that is miscible with water and paraffin (clean)

29
Q

what is the resolution of the human eye?

A

200 μm

30
Q

what is resolution of the light microscope

A

0.2 μm

31
Q

what is the resolution of the electron microscope?

A

0.002 μm

32
Q

what structures cannot be resolved by a light microscope?

A

ribosomes, membranes, actin

33
Q

What other types of microscopy are used to visualize living, unstained cells?

A

phase contrast

differential interference

34
Q

characteristic of differential interference microscopy?

A

image is more 3 dimensional, used to visualize living unstained cells

35
Q

what method is known for taking very sharp images?

A

confocal laser scanning microscopy

36
Q

what is characteristic of phase contrast microscopy?

A

it takes advantage of different refractive indices of cellular and extracellular structures, and no staining is required.
-is common in tissue culture lab due to quick and easy visualization

37
Q

Method of collection of confocal laser scanning?

A

collects light from very thin focal plane, eliminates background, makes sharp image

38
Q

How is fluorescence microscopy achieved?

A

slides are irradiated with UV light of proper wavelength and the emission of light and color is in the visible portion of the spectrum

39
Q

what does acridine orange bind to?

A

nuclear DNA - yellow

RNA rich cytoplasm - reddish orange

40
Q

what is prussian blue used to stain?

A

iron

41
Q

how are phosphatase, dehydrogenase, and peroxidases tagged?

A

chemical reactions that produce a color change or precipitate

42
Q

how does immunohistochemistry work?

A

specific proteins are tagged by utilizing interactions between labeled (with fluorescent compound or peroxidase or alkaline phosphatase) antibodies and their antigens within cells

43
Q

what does transmission electron microscopy (TEM) produce

A

cross sections of cells showing very small organelle structures that are NOT visible with light microscopy
HELPFUL IN STUDYING MEMBRANE STRUCTURE AND ORGANELLES

44
Q

what does scanning electron microscopy produce?

A

detailed 3-D surface features of cells and tissues

45
Q

what are examples of artifacts?

A

folds, tears, bubbles, cell shrinkage, precipitate (clumbs of dye or dust)

Medical Histology (10 decks)

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