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Medical Histology > Connective Tissue > Flashcards

Connective Tissue Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

what a large difference between epithelial tissue and connective tissue?

A

connective tissue is directly supplied by blood/lymphatic vessels/nerves, epithelial tissue is not

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2
Q

what embryo layer does connective tissue develop from?

A

mesodermal layer, mesenchyme cells

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3
Q

shape of mesenchymal cells

A

stellate and spindle-shaped (fusiform) with EUCHROMATIC nuclei and PROMINENT nucleoli, the extracellular matrix is mostly ground substance (hyaluronic acid)

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4
Q

what does euchromatin look like in a stained cell

A

lightly stained nucleus, with a prominent, dark and solid nucleolus

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5
Q

what does heterochromatin look like in a stained cell

A

darkly stained clumps in the nucleus, cannot see nucleolus

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6
Q

where would you see a euchromatic nucleus?

A

a ribosome

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7
Q

activity of adipocytes

A

storage of fat for energy and heat production

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8
Q

activity of fibroblasts and derivatives (chondroblasts, osteoblasts)

A

production of ECM fibers and ground substance

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9
Q

activity of plasma cells

A

antibody production

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10
Q

activity of macrophages

A

cytokine production, phagocytosis, antigen presentation

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11
Q

activity of mast cells

A

production of inflammatory mediators

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12
Q

activity of leukocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes)

A

immune defenses, migratory from the blood and lymph

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13
Q

where are connective tissue cells derived from?

A

hematopoietic stem cells (bone marrow) or undifferentiated mesenchymal cells

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14
Q

which are the most common cells in connective tissue?

A

fibroblast

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15
Q

what do fibroblasts look like in a stained cell

A

stellate, spindle shaped, ovoid or flattened nuclei with light pink collagen surrounding

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16
Q

what are fibrocytes?

A

less active fibroblasts

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17
Q

how are fibroblasts stimulated to divide?

A

specific growth factors

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18
Q

how are fibroblasts functional in a wound?

A

they synthesize connective tissue fibers to create scar tissue they also can use specialized fibroblasts called myofibroblasts to bring wound edges together (myofibroblasts have actin)

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19
Q

what do macrophages look like in a stained cell

A

large, irregularly shaped cell with large nucleus, many lysosomes, well developed RER and golgi “lumpy bumpy junk in the cytoplasm”

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20
Q

what do macrophages do

A

function as phagocytes, antigen presenting cells, and cytokine producers

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21
Q

what are epithelioid cells

A

activated macrophages resembling epithelial cells

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22
Q

what are multinucleated giant cells

A

epithelioid cells that have merged together, usually see a “horseshoe” arrangement of nuclei around the apical side of cell

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23
Q

what condition could arise from epithelioid cells or multinucleated giant cells

A

granulomas, because they are kind of like a large aggregate

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24
Q

what do mast cells look like in stained cell

A

large oval cell, cytoplasm filled with dark basophillic granules that sometimes obscure small round nucleus (cytoplasm darker than nucleus)(granule filled)

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25
Q

what are mast cells derived from?

A

same progenitor in bone marrow as basophils

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26
Q

what is the function of mast cell?

A

inflammation, allergies, innate immunity, tissue repair

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27
Q

what does histamine do

A

causes increased vascular permeability and vasodilation

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28
Q

what does heparin do

A

is an anticoagulant

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29
Q

what are examples of inflammatory mediators

A

serine proteases, cytokines, chemotactic factors, phospholipid precursors

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30
Q

what do granules do in the mast cell

A

stored, and when they degranulate, they release vasoactive mediators like histamine, heparin, and inflammatory mediators

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31
Q

how to stain mast cells

A

dont use paraffin, will degenerate granules. use H&E and toluidine blue

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32
Q

plasma cells stained

A

large, ovoid cells with basophilic cytoplasm, clock face appearance due to alternating areas of heterochromatin and euchromatin, golgi can be seen next to nucleus as a paler stain

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33
Q

where are plasma cells derived

A

B lymphocytes

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34
Q

type of connective tissue fibers

A
  1. collagen 2. elastic 3. reticular fibers
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35
Q

what is the most abundant protein in the body

A

collagen

36
Q

what color does collagen stain with H&E?

A

pink

37
Q

main function collagen

A

tensile strength

38
Q

important structural note about collagen

A

EVERY 3RD AMINO ACID IS GLYCINE

39
Q

how to remember collagen types 1-IV

A

I - Skin, bone, tendon, fascias II - Cartilage III - Arteries, smooth muscle IV - Basement membrane

40
Q

describe type I collagen synthesis

A
  1. procollagen alpha chains form in the RER by fibroblasts 2. proline and lysine residues hydroxylated by prolyl and lysyl hydroxylase 3. hydroxylysines undergo glycosylation 4. procollagen triple helix is assembled and secreted through exocytosis (into ECM, where it is assembled and matured) 5. procollagen triple helix is cleaved of nonhelical end and aggregated into collagen fibrils in the ECM 6. the fibrillar structure is reinforced with lysine cross link formation via lysyl oxidase
41
Q

what is required for type I collagen synthesis regarding hydroxylation?

A

vitamin C and copper are needed for the proline and lysine to be hydroxylated

42
Q

what hydroxylated area is glycosylated?

A

hydroxylysine is glycosylated

43
Q

what causes scurvy?

A

vitamin C deficiency, leading to decreased type I collagen production due to inability to hydroxylate proline and lysine

44
Q

what diseases can be caused by type I collagen mutation?

A

ehler’s danlos syndrome and osteogenesis imperfecta

45
Q

what is the makeup of reticular fibers

A

heavily glycosylated type III collagen

46
Q

where are reticular fibers found

A

extensive FLEXIBLE networks of ECM within organs that need a lot of structure (liver, endocrine glands, spleen, lymph nodes, bone marrow), they provide framework for cell attachment

47
Q

how are reticular fibers seen best and why?

A

silver salts because they are argyrophylic PAS staining due to the extensive glycosylation reticular fibers look branch like

48
Q

what do elastic fibers look like stained

A

thinner than collagen, form SPARSE networks interspersed with collagen bundles, hair like

49
Q

function of elastic fibers

A

needed for tissues subject to bending and stretching, like the wall of large arteries, dermis, or mesentery

50
Q

what 2 unique amino acids are found in elastin and what is their function

A

desmosine and isodesmosine - consist of modified lysine residues they help form crosslinks

51
Q

where is elastin assembled and matured?

A

ECM

52
Q

what are elastic fibers made up of?

A

tropoelastin (contains desmosine), fibulin, and fibrillins

53
Q

how are elastic fibers best visualized

A

orcein or fuscin stain

54
Q

what causes marfan syndrome?

A

fibrillin 1 mutation, therefore elastic fibers are not manufactured.

55
Q

symptoms marfan syndrome

A

tall, long arms, long fingers, long toes, increased risk of mitral valve prolapse, dilation of root of aorta and aortic dissection

56
Q

what diseases are caused by mutations in elastic fibers?

A

marfan syndrome cutis laxa

57
Q

what is ground substance made up of?

A

GAG proteoglycan glycoprotein

58
Q

function of ground substance

A

fills the space between cells and fibers, acts as lubricant and barrier due to viscosity (rich in water), important in cell adhesion and signaling

59
Q

what are glycosaminoglycans

A

linear polysaccharides with repeating disaccharide units consisting of hexosamine (glucosamine/galactosamine) and uronic acid (glucuroninc acid)

60
Q

what is the largest and most unique GAG

A

hyaluronan (hyaluronic acid) - forms dense network of polymers that readily bind water

61
Q

what are proteoglycans?

A

core proteins to which straight chain GAGs attach

62
Q

what makes up a proteoglycan aggregate in the ECM?

A

hyaluronan molecule with core proteins attached that have GAGs (glycoslylated) on them (unit called proteoglycans)

63
Q

what is a glycoprotein

A

large protein with short branched oligosaccharide chains, they have multiple binding sites for cell surface receptors and ECM fibers, and play important role in embryonic development and cancer metastasis

64
Q

exampled of glycoproteins

A

fibronectin laminin

65
Q

what does fibronectin do

A

mediates cell adhesion to collagen and GAGs in the ECM

66
Q

what does laminin do

A

is a basal lamina component that mediates epithelial cell adhesion

67
Q

difference between fibronectin and laminin in a stained cell

A

fibronectin is found everywhere and diffuses through ECM laminin is restricted in location - in basal lamina

68
Q

what is interstitial fluid

A

derived from blood plasma, dissolved components into/out of capillaries + fluid in surrounding connective tissue

69
Q

how does edema occur?

A

capillaries become more permeable during inflammatory reactions, excess ISF accumulates

70
Q

where are mesenchymal cells found

A

throughout embryo, umbilical cord (wharton’s jelly), and pulp of developing teeth – contain stem cells/progenitor cells for adult connective tissue cells

71
Q

describe mesenchymal cells

A

abundant ECM rich in proteoglycans and water small amounts of collagen and reticular fibers have spindle/stellate shaped mesenchymal cells widely spaced

72
Q

what does wharton’s jelly do

A

it is mucous tissue that supports and cushions large blood vessels in umbilical cord - made up of mesenchymal cells

73
Q

describe areolar loose connective tissue

A

loose network of collagen and elastic fibers, fixed and wandering cells are suspended here, have roughly equal parts of cells, fibers, and ground substance

not very resistant to stress, is well vascularized

74
Q

describe dense connective tissue

A

type I collagen fibers dominate, less abundant ground substance and fewer cells, NOT WELL VASCULARIZED, arranged in pattern(regular) or woven into “irregular”

75
Q

predominant cells in dense connective tissue

A

fibroblasts

76
Q

compare aerolar/loose connective tissue and dense connective tissue

A

loose connective tissue is well vascularized, is flexible but not resistant to stress

dense connective tissue is not well vascularized, less flexible, but more resistant and protective

77
Q

what does dense regular connective tissue look like stained

A

collagen is packed into parallel bundles

condensed, flattened fibroblast nuclei between fibers (cytoplasm is not distinguishable)

78
Q

importance of tensile strength in dense regular connective tissue

A

transmits force of muscle contraction, attaches bones and protects organs

79
Q

where is dense regular connective tissue found

A

tendons, ligaments, aponeuroses, periosteum, perichondrium, deep fascia, some organ capsules

80
Q

where is areolar connective tissue found

A

under epithelial tissue, srrounds most blood vessels and nerves, part of mucous membrane, packaging organs, around capillaries

81
Q

where is adipose tissue found

A

under skin, around kidneys and eyeballs, within abdomen, in breasts, fills and pads space

82
Q

where is dense irregular connective tissue found

A

covers fragile tissue and organs, reticular layer of dermis of skin, submucosa of digestive tract, fibrous capsules of organs and joints

83
Q

where is reticular connective tissue found

A

lymphoid organs like nodes, bone marrow and spleen

84
Q

main difference between dense regular and dense irregular connective tissue?

A

irregular’s woven pattern of collagen bundles resists tensile stress from any direction

regular’s pattern helps tensile stress from one direction only

85
Q

how are elastic connective tissues arranged

A

contains mostly elastic fibers arranged in thick wavy parallel bundles, provides flexible support

86
Q

where are elastic connective tissues found

A

walls of large elastic arteries (aorta), vertebral column’s ligamenta flava, penile suspensory ligaments

87
Q
A

Medical Histology (10 decks)

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