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Medical Histology > Epithelium > Flashcards

Epithelium Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

what are parenchyma?

A

includes cells responsible for the tissue’s function

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2
Q

what are stroma?

A

supporting tissue (usually connective tissue)

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3
Q

function of epithelium?

A

line body surfaces and cavities, glandular secretions

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4
Q

what are the “stromal cells” of the nervous tissue?

A

glial

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5
Q

what do nervous cells look like?

A

intertwining, elongated processes

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6
Q

what do epithelium cells look like

A

aggregated polyhedral cells

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7
Q

muscle cells look like

A

elongated contractile cells

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8
Q

amount of stroma cells from least to most in the 4 tissue types?

A

nervous, epithelium, muscle, connective

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9
Q

what structures arise from the ectoderm?

A
  • epidermis of skin and its derivatives (sweat glands, hair follicles)
  • epithelial lining of mouth and anus
  • cornea and lens of eye
  • nervous system
  • sensory receptors in epidermis
  • adrenal medulla
  • tooth enamel
  • epithelium of pineal and pituitary glands
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10
Q

what germ layer does the epidermis and its derivatives derive from?

A

ectoderm

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11
Q

what germ layer does the epithelial lining of mouth and anus derive from?

A

ectoderm

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12
Q

what germ layer does the cornea and lens of eye derive from?

A

ectoderm

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13
Q

what germ layer does the nervous system derive from?

A

ectoderm

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14
Q

what germ layer does the sensory receptors in the epidermis derive from?

A

ectoderm

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15
Q

what germ layer does the adrenal medulla derive from?

A

ectoderm

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16
Q

what germ layer does the tooth enamel derive from?

A

ectoderm

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17
Q

what germ layer goes the epithelium of pineal and pituitary glands derive from?

A

ectoderm

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18
Q

what structures arise from the mesoderm?

A 
notochord
skeletal system
muscular system
muscle layer of stomach and intestine
excretory system
circulatory and lymphatic systems
reproductive system 
dermis of skin 
lining of body cavity
adrenal cortex
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19
Q

where does the notochord arise from?

A

mesoderm

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20
Q

where does the skeletal and muscular system arise from?

A

mesoderm

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21
Q

where does the excretory system arise from?

A

mesoderm

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22
Q

where do the circulatory and lymphatic systems derive from?

A

mesoderm

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23
Q

where does the reproductive system derive from

A

mesoderm

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24
Q

where does the dermis of the skin arise from?

A

mesoderm

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25
Q

where does the lining of body cavity rise from?

A

mesoderm

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26
Q

where does the adrenal cortex arise from

A

mesoderm

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27
Q

what structures arise from the endoderm

A 
epithelial lining of digestive tract
epithelial lining of respiratory system
lining of urethra, urinary bladder and reproductive system
liver
pancreas
thymus
thyroid and parathyroid glandcs
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28
Q

where does the lining of the urethra, urinary bladder and reproductive system arise from?

A

endoderm

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29
Q

where does the liver arise from

A

endoderm

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30
Q

where does the pancreas arise from

A

endoderm

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31
Q

where does the thymus arise form

A

endoderm

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32
Q

where do the thyroid and parathyroid glands arise from

A

endoderm

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33
Q

where does the epithelial lining of the respiratory system and digestive system arise from?

A

endoderm

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34
Q

what are the 4 major tissue types?

A

nervous
connective
epithelial
muscle

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35
Q

how are epithelial cells classified?

A

cell shape and number of layers

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36
Q

what membrane do epithelial cells form?

A

basement membrane

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37
Q

what cells form the basement membrane?

A

epithelial cells

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38
Q

where are apical and basal?

A

side facing lumen/space and side attaching to other tissue type

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39
Q

functions of the epithelial cells?

A

covering lining protecting
secretion
absorption
contractility

have to be tightly packed

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40
Q

what are squamous cells?

A

flattened, hexagonal-ish, many sides

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41
Q

what are cuboidal cells?

A

look like square, from top may look hexagonal

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42
Q

what are columnar cells?

A

tall, rectangular

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43
Q

what are stratified cells?

A

many layered cells

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44
Q

what are simple cells?

A

few or one layer

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45
Q

where is the basal surface, characterize

A

side facing underlying connective tissue, adhesion molecules and cell junctions

46
Q

where is the apical surface

A

side facing a cavity or lumen, microvilli, cilia

47
Q

where is the lateral surface

A

sides in contact with adjacent side, cell junctions

48
Q

what is the basement membrane?

A

thin layer of specialized extracellular material between basal surface of epithelial cells and the underlying connective tissue, includes the bottom of epithelial cells and hemidesmosomes, the basal lamina, and the reticular lamina

49
Q

what is the basal lamina?

A

membrane within the basement membrane that is made up of the lamina lucida and lamina densa, secreted from the epithelial cells

50
Q

compounds in the basal lamina?

A

type IV collagen, laminin, entactin (nidogen), proteoglycans/GAGs (perlecan, GAGs)

51
Q

what component of the basement membrane forms a patterned meshwork?

A

collagen

52
Q

functions of the basement membrane?

A
  1. structural attachment site for epithelial cells
  2. semipermeable barrier for filtration of fluid and substances in underlying tissues/capillaries
  3. have an influence on cell proliferation, differentiation, 4. msignal transduction, cell metabolism
  4. pathway for cell migration
  5. helps est. cell polarity
53
Q

what stain is best for visualization of the basement membrane?

A

PAS-stain due to the presence of GAGs

54
Q

functions of cell junctions?

A
  1. forms seals
  2. sites of adhesion (cadherin, desmosome, hemides)
  3. channels for communication (gap jct)
55
Q

what is the zonula occludens?

A

a tight junction involving the transmembrane protein claudin that forms a band completely encircling each cell and closes off the space between cells, forms a seal to prevent flow between cells, and prevents integral membrane proteins on the apical surface to be transferred to the basolateral surface and vice versa

56
Q

types of anchoring junctions?

A

adherens (cadherins and actin, orderly “belt through belt loops intracellularly) toward the apical side, desmosomes (keratin and cadherin, jumble of intracellular filaments) toward middle, hemidesmosomes (integrins and basal lamina at basal end)

57
Q

what are adherens junctions composed of? (zona adherens)

A

cadherins, actin, orderly belt through belt loops intracellularly, apical side
require Ca
directly below tight junctions, are continuous

58
Q

what are desmosomes composed of?

A

keratin and cadherin, jumble of intracellular filaments toward middle (dense plaque)
disk shaped

59
Q

what are hemidesmosomes composed of?

A

integrins and basal lamina, at basal side

bind laminin and type IV collagen in basal lamina, anchored by keratin

60
Q

what are gap junctions?

A

connexin forms connexon with hydrophilic core in the center, allows rapid exchange of molecules between adjacent cells

61
Q

what is macula adherens?

A

spot desmosome, anchorage junction has spotlike distribution and is associated with intermediate filaments

62
Q

what is zona adherens?

A

belt desmosome, anchorage junction, has beltlike distribution and is associated with actin

63
Q

what do tight junctions do?

A

define cell polarity, control passage of substances between adjacent cells, have beltlike distribution like a ribbon internally bracing the cell, associated with actin

64
Q

what are hemidesmosomes?

A

link basal domain of the cell to the basal lamina intermediate filaments via a plaque

65
Q

what are microvili?

A

extensions of the plasma membrane that are made up of actin, fimbrin and myosin to increase surface area for absorption, covered by glycocalyx to make things stick, terminal web of actin at the base

66
Q

what is the brush border?

A

combination of microvilli and glycocalyx in intestinal epithelium

67
Q

what do microvilli look like in light microscopy?

A

tightly packed, almost solid looking, flat top/crew up, straight across, can sometimes see dense terminal web along apical boundary

68
Q

where are stereocilia found, how are they different?

A

epididymis and vas deferens, also ears, longer and branched, core of actin filaments, not a consistent layer of actin

69
Q

what is at the base of cilia?

A

basal body, 9+2 arrangement of microtubules

70
Q

compare cilia and microvili

A

cilia are longer and more sparse than microvilli (individual cilia more easily discernable)
DARK LINE of basal bodies along apical surface of ciliated cells appears similar to terminal web of microvilli

71
Q

where do stereocilia attach?

A

terminal web

72
Q

how are stratified epithelia named?

A

according to the shapes on the surface layer cells

73
Q

example of simple squamous epithelium/

A

air sacs of lung

74
Q

example of pseudostratified ciliated columnar

A

respiratory tract

75
Q

example of simple cuboidal

A

kidney tubule

76
Q

example of simple columnar

A

intestine

77
Q

example of stratified squamous

A

esophagus

78
Q

describe shape, location and function of simple squamous epithelium?

A
  • thin, flat cells with thin flat nuclei
  • are in lining blood vessels as endothelium, air sacs (alveoli), and body cavities (mesothelium)
  • allow for rapid exchange or diffusion
79
Q

describe shape, location, and function of simple cuboidal epithelium

A
  • as tall as they are wide with ROUND, centered nuclei
  • in renal tubules (collecting tubule), thyroid glands, in a lot of things with a duct
  • for absorption and secretion
80
Q

describe shape, location, and function of simple columnar epithelium?

A
  • taller than they are wide with round OR oval nuclei that are located basally or centrally
  • in renal collecting ducts, oviduct/fallopian tube, lining of the gall bladder, intestinal mucosa
  • specializes in absorption, often have microvili or cilia on apical surface and interspersed with secretory cells (goblet)
81
Q

how to ID goblet cells

A

dilated apical cytoplasm containing light stained mucous material (which is secreted and coats epithelial surface)

82
Q

describe stratified epithelium

A

cells layered for extra protection.

found in skin, esophagus, cornea, excretory ducts, and more

83
Q

explain keratinized cells

A

stratified squamous epithelium that are “dry” to prevent loss of moisture, are usually in the superficial epithelium of the skin and lack nuclei, look ropy and spacy

84
Q

explain nonkeratinized cells

A

stratified squamous epithelium that are “wet” mucous membranes, like in the esophagus

85
Q

explain the process of basal cell differentiation

A

basal cells undergo regular rounds of mitosis, pushing new cells up as they differentiate and flatten (keratinized cells lose their nuclei)

86
Q

describe stratified cuboidal epithelium

A

NOT COMMON, exist mostly in glandular ducts, and even then are only a double layer of cuboidal cells
-are found in sweat ducts and esophageal mucous glands

87
Q

describe stratified columnar epithelium

A

NOT COMMON, found in male urethra and palpebral conjunctiva (inner eyelid)

88
Q

describe transitional epithelium shape, location, and function

A
  • dome shaped superficial cells with aggregated protein plaques at apical surface for protection (from hypertonic urine), also have basal cells that are columnar or cuboidal that attach to basal lamina and don’t reach lumen
  • in bladder, ureters, urethra, prostate (called uroepithelium)
  • can change shape to allow for stretching and distension, only 2-3 layers seen (shallow) when distended and many layers seen when contracted (empty)
89
Q

describe pseudostratified epithelium shape, location, function

A
  • APPEARS to be layered due to crowded arrangement of cells, but each cell’s basal end contacts the basement membrane, so it is simple
  • also have basal cells that don’t reach the lumen
  • respiratory tract, trachea
  • commonly associated with goblet cells and cilia
90
Q

what is an acinus?

A

rounded or spherical secretory portion of a gland

91
Q

what are secretory cells?

A

epithelial cells in a gland

92
Q

what is a duct?

A

conducting portion of gland where excretions exit

93
Q

difference between simple and compound exocrine glands?

A

in simple glands, the main duct is unbranched but the secretory portions may be branched
in compound glands, the main ducts branch to serve multiple secretory units

94
Q

what is a merocrine exocrine gland and an example

A

secretion of protein products via exocytosis of secretory granules, ex. salivary gland

95
Q

what is a holocrine exocrine gland and an example

A

secretion is released by total disintegration of the cell, ex. sebaceous gland

96
Q

what is a apocrine exocrine gland and an example

A

secretion involves loss of apical portion of the cell, usually containing one or more lipid droplets, ex. mammary gland

97
Q

mechanism of merocrine secretion

A

secretory vesicle approaches apical domain, vesicular membrane fuses with plasma membrane and releases its components into the extracellular space, fused plasma membrane can be taken back into the cell by endocytosis and recycled

98
Q

mechanism of apocrine secretion

A

some of apical cytoplasm is pinched off with the contained secretions, will see the pinched off portions on a slide

99
Q

what is special about the mammary gland?

A

secretes milk lipids via apocrine secretion and milk protein casein by merocrine secretion

100
Q

mechanism of holocrine secretion

A

the cell produces and accumulates a secretory product in the cytoplasm such as sebum (sebaceous glands), and then disintegrates to release the secretory material

101
Q

what is special about merocrine glands?

A

they can be serous glands and mucous glands

102
Q

describe serous merocrine glands

A

apical ends are eosinophilic due to abundant secretory vesicles (filled with serous/liquid/watery secretion)
basal ends are basophilic due to displacement of nucleus and abundant RER

103
Q

describe mucous merocrine glands

A

apical region filled with pale staining mucin (mucous/thick/viscous/secretion of glycoproteins) secretory granules
basal region contains flattened nucleus, RER, and well developed golgi
are LARGER than serous cells

104
Q

describe mucous cells

A

flattened basal nuclei, clear spongy appearing cytoplasm

105
Q

describe serous cells

A

round basal nuclei, apical eosinophilic cytoplasm with reddish secretory granules, may have demilune (small half moon shape formed by serous cells that empty their product into interstices between mucous cells

106
Q

where is regeneration and replacement most pronounced in epithelium?

A

exposed body surfaces, holocrine glands, intestinal tract and female reproductive tract

107
Q

what occurs with chemotherapeutic agents and epithelial cells?

A

epithelium is an innocent target, so that is why side effects like nausea, vomiting, hair loss, and anemia occur (due to death of the epithelia)

108
Q

what is adenoma

A

benign epithelial growth (glandular)

109
Q

what is carcinoma

A

malignant tumor arising from surface epithelium

110
Q

what is adenocarcinoma

A

malignant tumor derived from glandular epithelium, and it is the most common type of tumor in adults over 45

Medical Histology (10 decks)

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