Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Medical Histology > Immune I > Flashcards

Immune I Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

what are causes of immune over-reaction

A
  1. autoimmune problems 2. allergic reactions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

causes of immune under-reaction

A
  1. cancer 2. infection
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

describe development of lympoid cells

A

hematopoetic stem cells differentiate to lympoid stem cells, which differentiate to B, T, andd NK cells, B cells terminally differentiate to plasma cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

describe development of myeloid cells

A

hematopoeitic stem cells differentiate to myeloid stem cells, differentiate into granulocytes, platelets, RBC and monocytes, granulocytes differentiate into basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

types of T cells

A
  1. helper T cells (CD4) 2. cytotoxic T cells (CD8) 3. regulatory T cells (CD4, CD25) 4. NK cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what do CD4 cells do

A

activate macrophages, B cells, and other T cells via cytokines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what do CD8 cells do

A

directly kill cells when they are signaled to do so

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what do CD4/CD25 cells do?

A

control activity of other immune cells, look out for self vs nonself, inactivate other cells that are killing the own body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what do NK cells do

A

directly kill cells without specificity, are always on and part of INNATE immune system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

first line of (innate) immune defense?

A

physical barriers - skin, mucous membrane, saliva, tears, urine, stomach acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

2nd line of innate immune defense?

A
  1. complement 2. phagocytes like neutrophils, macrophages, basophils, eosinophils, NK cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

parts of innate immune system

A
  1. physical barriers 2. complement 3. myeloid granulocytes 4. NK cells *are not specific
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

parts of aquired immune system

A
  1. humoral immunity
  2. cellular cellmediated immunity - cytotoxic T and helper T

*very specific, distinguishes self from nonself

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what cell responds first in the innate immune system

A

neutrophil

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

describe the types of acquired/adaptive imunity

A
  1. active - own Ab 2. passive - ready made Ab
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

describe passive immunity

A
  1. natural - maternal Ab like IgA from breast milk and IgG from placenta 2. artificial - injected by Dr.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

describe active immunity

A
  1. natural - exposure to infectious agent 2. artificial - immunization
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

memory of innate vs adaptive immunity

A

innate has NO memory, adaptive has GOOD memory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

specificity of innate vs adaptive immunity

A

innate is not specific, adaptive is VERY specific

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what is humoral immunity

A

activated B lymphocytes that havfe differentiated into plasma cells and secrete IgA and IgG

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

differentiate lymphoblast from lymphocyte

A

lymphoblast has granules in cytoplasm, lymphocyte has centralized nucleus, clear small cytoplasm, nucleus is close to the size of a RBC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what do B lymphocytes express

A

IgM, recognizes specific antigens, which then tell B lymphocyte to proliferate into plasma cell which then secretes IgA and IgG

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

origin and location of B cells

A

bone marrow, stay in bone marrow until activated and enter circulation and colonize in CT, epithelia, lympoid nodules, and spleen

24
Q

describe IgG

A

IS THE MOST ABUNDANT AB, secreted by plasma cells, secreted by mother in placenta

25
Q

describe IgM

A

2nd highest Ab, secreted by B cell while it is inactive, the first Ab produced in immune response

26
Q

describe IgA

A

secreted by plasma cells in digestive, respiratory and reproductive tracts, saliva, tears, breast milk (a little higher than IgM

27
Q

describe IgD

A

may not even be existant, but would be on surface of B lymphocytem causes initial B cell activation

28
Q

describe IgE

A

binds to mast cell surface in rhinitis inflammation, surface of basophils to recruit eosinophils to modulate histamine and heparin

29
Q

describe process of B cell activation

A

initially, B cells secrete IgM and when antigen is presented to this, is triggers activation, proliferation and differentiation into platelet cells that secrete IgA and IgG

30
Q

function of antibodies

A
  1. precipiates soluble antigens
  2. causes cellular agglutination
  3. opsonization - flagging down
  4. activates complement system or Ab themselves
  5. neutralization - keep adhesions from happening
  6. chemotaxis - attracting other cells
31
Q

what is opsonization

A

Ab coating surface of microorganisms increasing the efficiency of phagocytosis

32
Q

what is complement system

A

stimulates phagocytosis through opsonization and lysis or microorganisms

33
Q

origin location T cells

A

originate in bone marrow, travel to thymus to differentiate and mature or die if not used

34
Q

describe binding of T cells

A

they express T cell receptors which recognize and bind ONLY to MHC (major histocompatibility complex) VERY SPECIFIC

35
Q

where are peyer’s patches found

A

ileum and appendix

36
Q

what does the spleen do

A

filters blood

37
Q

where are lymphatic nodules found

A

everywhere, in lymph node cortex

38
Q

where are MALT found

A

walls of GI, respiratory, genital, urinary tracts

39
Q

where are tonsils

A
  1. palatine - lots of crypts
  2. lingual - 1 crypt
  3. pharyngeal - no crypts
40
Q

concentration of T and B lymphocytes in thymus

A

100% T cells

41
Q

concentration of T and B in bone marrow

A

90% B 10% T

42
Q

concentration of t and b in spleen

A

more B than T

43
Q

concentration of T and B cells in lymph nodes

A

50%-50%

44
Q

concentration of T and B cells in blood

A

more T cells because B cells secrete Ab that activate T cells, and are not as specific, T cells are faster in taking care of infections

45
Q

significance of reticular connective tissue stroma

A

provides strong and resilient meshwork for lymphocytes, macrophages, plasma cells, and APC, so that infection/cells don’t spread where they shouldn’t be

46
Q

what are the APC cells?

A
  1. B cells
  2. macrophages
  3. dendritic cells

*express MHCII to active T lymphocytes

47
Q

describe macrophages

A

derived from monocytes, phagocytes, APC and cytokine producers, have large, central nucleus, and large irregular shape bc lots of lysosomes and well developed RER and golgi, usually stay in specified tissues around

48
Q

what are langerhans cells

A

dendritic cells that proess and display antigens, on skin, can TRAVEL to lymph nodes, also derived from monocytes and are phagocytes

49
Q

specific function of dendritic cells

A

convert antigens into MHC-peptide complexes and present on cell surface with MHCII to the T cells to be activated, once activated, move from tissue to lymph nodes to activate the T cells

50
Q

what does lympoid tissue contain

A

reticular cells, lymphocytes, macrophages

51
Q

describe reticular cells

A

pale central nucleus, prominent nucleolus and pale sparse cytoplasm, have branches of cytoplasm “dendrites”

52
Q

classification of lymphoid tissue

A
  1. central lymphoid organs in thymus and bone marrow
  2. peripheral lymphoid organs in spleen,lymph nodes, tonsils, MALT
53
Q

central lymphoid organs

A

supplies uncommitted t and b cell precursors that migrate into peripheral organs and tissues

*ANTIGEN INDEPENDENT*ACTIVATE DESPITE ANTIGENS

54
Q

peripheral lymphoid organs

A

provide committed T and B cells that respond to specific antigens *need to be presented with an antigen to become active

55
Q

what are lymphoid nodules/follicle

A

clusters of mostly B lymphocytes = primary functional subunit of all lymphoid tissue EXCEPT THYMUS

56
Q

describe primary lymphoid nodules

A

dense group of mature, nonproliferating B lymphocytes (IgM)

57
Q

describe secondary lymphoid nodules

A

have mantle zone of inactive lymphocytes (B and some T), and germinal center of proliferating lymphoblasts that have been activated by IgM/antigen

Medical Histology (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions