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Blood Flashcards

1
Q

what is plasma

A

the majority blood component, liquid base of blood contains plasma proteins, albumin, coagulation factors, antibodies, glucose, electrolytes

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2
Q

which are the granulocytes?

A

neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

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3
Q

which are the lymphocytes?

A

T cells, B cells, NK cells

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4
Q

what are platelets?

A

fragments of cytoplasm enclosed in a plasma membrane, anuclear and SUPER SMALL

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5
Q

what is the difference between plasma and serum

A

serum is the liquid part of blood after it has coagulated, so devoid of clotting factors (fibrinogen), whereas plasma is the liquid part of blood that has been anticoagulated (treated or in bloodstream)

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6
Q

commonly used blood tests?

A

hematocrit, CBC, CBC with Diff, morphology analysis

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7
Q

what is hematocrit?

A

the fraction of whole blood composed of RBC

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8
Q

common causes of decreased hematocrit?

A

anemias, bleeding, RBC destruction, infection, pregnancy

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9
Q

common causes of increased hematocrit?

A

exercise, dehydration, congenital heart disease, cor pulmonale, erthrocytosis, hypoxia (low oxygen)

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10
Q

what could changes in hematocrit indicate?

A

anemia, erythrocytosis, changes in plasma volume

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11
Q

what does CBC test

A

quantity of blood cells (hemoglobin) through hemocytometer by hand or flow cytometry

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12
Q

what stains are usually used for morphology analysis

A

wright, giemsa, methylene blue

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13
Q

describe RBC

A

anucleate biconcave discs, cause a spot of pallor in the middle

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14
Q

life span RBC

A

120 days

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15
Q

what removes RBC from circulation?

A

macrophages in the spleen (and other)

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16
Q

what are reticulocytes

A

immature RBC that are slightly larger than mature RBC, no nucleus

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17
Q

what is clearly visible with methylene blue stain in a reticulocyte?

A

reticular, mesh like network of rRNA

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18
Q

when would you see acutely increased reticulocytes

A

after destruction of RBC that bone marrow needs to replace

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19
Q

when would you see chronically increased reticulocytes?

A

chronic hemolytic anemia

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20
Q

what would indicate that the bone marrow is damaged or faulty?

A

if there is anemia with low turnover of RBC synthesis, bone marrow is not functioning

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21
Q

what makes RBC?

A

bone marrow

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22
Q

what is the main protein that contributes to the biconcave shape of the RBC?

A

spectrin

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23
Q

what occurs if there is disruption in spectrin?

A

RBC loses biconcave shape and becomes sphere, seen in spherocytosis, decreases lifespan of the cell

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24
Q

what is the function of glycoproteins and band 3 protein on the surface of RBC?

A

antigens determine blood type, prevent RBC aggregation, function as cation channels

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25
what are the key membrane components of the RBC?
glycophorins and band 3 protein
26
what proteins maintain membrane structure through their interaction with the cytoskeleton?
spectrin, ankyrin
27
how is hemoglobin measured?
CBC
28
what is rouleaux formation?
RBC stacked together in long chains
29
cause of rouleaux formation?
increased plasma proteins, particularly fibrinogen and immunoglobulin
30
surface charge of RBC
negative, keeps RBC separated
31
consequence of increased globulins on surface of RBC
globulins neutralize the surface and make it sticky
32
what is sickle cell
narrow, curved cells with pointed ends, caused by mutation of 6th AA of betaHb from glu to val (makes neutral)
33
what is thalassemia?
inherited disorder of Hb synthesis, disordered production of alpha or beta
34
what is characteristic of thalassemia?
target cells
35
what is hereditary spherocytosis associated with
deficiencies in spectrin, band 3, protein 4.2, or combined spectrin/ankyrin deficiency
36
consequence of spherocytosis
hemolytic anemia, so releases more reticulocytes
37
where are nucleated RBC found
newborns, rarely in older age
38
when (disease states) are increased nucleated RBC found?
premature release from marrow due to neoplasms or heart failure
39
when would howell-jolly bodies be seen?
hyposplenism, megaloblastic anemia, hemolytic anemia
40
what are howell-jolly bodies?
inclusions of nuclear chromatin remnants/fragmented nuclear chromatin
41
what are the granular leukocytes?
basophils, neutrophils, eosinophils
42
what are the agranular leukocytes?
lymphocytes, monocytes
43
where are B cells derived from?
bone marrow
44
what is the function of B cells
producing antibodies, responsible for humoral immunity
45
what do B cells differentiate into?
plasma cells
46
what are T cells derived from?
bone marrow, and mature in the thymus
47
function of T cells
secrete cytokines that influence other leukocytes, and are responsible for cell mediated immunity, and promote B cell differentiation
48
what is CD4+
helper T cells
49
what is CD8+
cytotoxic T cells
50
what are the supressor T cells?
CD4, FOXP3, CD25
51
what are NK cells?
natural killer cells, the innate immune system that is specialized to kill infected/neoplastic cells and produce cytokines
52
characteristics of neutrophils?
have 3-4 lobed nuclei connected with fine chromatin strands, are larger than RBC
53
what is the prominence of neutrophils?
60-70% of the total leukocytes, most numerous
54
what is a Barr body?
an inactive X chromosome in a female somatic cell, in the neutrophils of females only (each excess X chromosome will form one Barr body)
55
what is a band neutrophil
a less mature neutrophil, moderate abundant cytoplasm staining pale blue to pink (not purple or red), indented nucleus, beginning to segment
56
what would increased band neutrophils in blood indicate?
infection or inflammation
57
function of the neutrophil?
is continuously generated in the bone marrow, eliminates intracellular or extracellular pathogens
58
mechanisms of elimination of pathogens by neutrophils
1. phagocytosis 2. release into extracellular spaces/degranulation 3. immobilize or kill through releasing neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs)
59
what is a NET
neutrophil extracellular trap (NET), a complex of nucleosomes that are decorated with myeloperoxidase (MPO), neutrophil elastase, and cathepsin G
60
when are NETs released
in response to infection or inflammatory stimuli to bind and kill microbes
61
when would you see neutrophillic infiltration in the tissues
acute or current inflammation
62
characteristics of eosinophils
bilobed nuclei, abundant and large eosinophilic granules
63
when would an increased number of eosinophils be seen in the tissue?
parasitic infections, asthma, allergic reactions
64
what do the eosinophilic granules contain
major basic protein, peroxidase, eosinophilic catatonic protein, and histaminase
65
function of eosinophils
1. trapping substances 2. killing cells 3. antiparasitic and bactericidal activity 4. immediate allergic response 5. modulate inflammatory responses - when basophils release bioactive proteins, eosinophils come to modulate them
66
how many eosinophils in the leukocytes?
1-5%
67
absolute count eosinophils
less than 500/microliter
68
absolute count neutrophils
2.8x10^3/microliter
69
percentage of basophils in the leukocytes
less than 1%
70
characteristis of basophils
irregular/bilobed nuclei that are concealed by large basophilic specific granules
71
what do basophils contain in their cytoplasm
platelet activating factors, eosinophil chemotactic factors, granules that contain histamine and heparin
72
what activates basophils?
IgE and other factors
73
function of basophils
mediator of allergic reactions, recruit eosinophils to come modulate inflammation
74
when would basophils be elevated?
CML!!, rheumatoid arthritis, ulcerative colitis, myeloproliferative disorders, other inflammatory processes and neoplasms
75
absolute count of monocytes?
0-1 x 10^3/microliters
76
percentage of monocytes in the leukocytes
0-8%
77
where do monocytes develop?
myelo-monocytic stem cells in bone marrow
78
characteristic of monocytes
kidney or c shaped nuclei, moderate number of scattered azurophilic granules but NO specific granules, may see cytoplasmic vacuoles
79
how to test immunoglobulin in blood?
test the serum
80
how to test fibrinogen in the blood?
test plasma
81
clinical significance of monocytes
they migrate into tissue and are transformed into macrophages
82
when would monocytes be increased?
chronic infections, autoimmune disorders, neoplasms
83
when would monocytes be decreased?
marrow failure, AIDS, hairy cell leukemia
84
what are the monocyte-macrophage systems throughout the body?
1. kupffer cells in the liver 2. microglia in the CNS 3. osteoclasts in bone
85
absolute count of lymphocytes?
1-5x10^3/microliters
86
percentage of leukocytes
20-40%
87
characteristics of lymphocytes
round/oval nuclei with scant to moderate cytoplasm, similar size to RBC
88
what would a reactive lymphocyte look like?
larger than RBC, has large cytoplasmic dock on the periphery of the cytoplasm
89
maturation of the T lymphocytes
common lymphoid precursor in bone marrow, travels to thymus, differentiates into mature naive T lymphocytes
90
maturation of B lymphocytes
common lymphoid precursor, stays in bone marrow, immature B lymphocytes, mature B lymphocytes, plasma
91
characteristic of plasma cells
clock face nucleus/heterochromatin peripherally dispersed, small dense and eccentric nucleus, enlarged golgi forms pale perinuclear region, LARGE, round/oval
92
function of plasma cells
produce large quantities of antibodies that are widely distributed in connective tissue
93
what are the terminally differentiated B-lymphocytes
plasma cells
94
what occurs during acute/active inflammation?
increase in neutrophils
95
what occurs with chronic inflammation?
increased lymphocytes and plasma cells
96
absolute value of platelets?
150-400x10^3/microliters
97
function of the projections that branch off platelets?
help reach damaged blood vessels to stop bleeding
98
what is a granulomere?
central region of platelet containing organelles and granules like alpha, delta and lambda
99
what is a hyalomere?
lighter staining peripheral zone of platelet containing marginal bundle of microtubules, actin, myosin (projections)
100
function of hyalomere?
maintain platelet discoid shape, contact during clot formation
101
what is alpha granules?
largest of the granules at 300-500 micrometers, contain fibrinogen, PDGF, and other platelet specific proteins
102
what are delta granules
250-300micrometers, contain calcium ions, pyrophosphate, ADP, ATP, take up and store serotonin
103
what are lambda granules
175-200micrometers, take contain lysosomes to help with fibrinolysis
104
what is primary aggregation
when platelets aggregate at areas with damaged endothelium and form platelet plugs
105
what is secondary aggregation
aggregated platelets release the contents of their alpha and delta granules
106
functions of platelets
1. primary aggregation 2. secondary aggregation 3. blood coagulation 4. clot retraction 5. clot removal
107
how do platelets contribute to blood coagulation
release fibrinogen from alpha granules that are converted into fibrin (making dense fibrous mat to which more platelets and blood attach and make thrombus)
108
how do platelets contribute to clot retraction
interactions of platelet actin, myosin and ATP
109
how do platelets contribute to clot removal
proteolytic enzyme plasmin, formed from plasminogen, and hydrolytic enzymes/lysosomes released by lambda granules
110
what is thrombocytopenia
platelet count of less than 150x10^3 per microliter
111
etiology of thrombocytopenia
1. marrow failure like aplastic anemia 2. increased platelet consumption by autoimmune/heparin etc 3. sequestration by chronic alcohol abuse, dilution
112
what are petechiae?
pin point superficial bleeding in skin
113
signs of thrombocytopenia?
1. easy or excessive bruising 2. petechiae 3. prolonged bleeding 4. spontaneous bleeding from nose or gums 5. blood in urine or stools
114
another name for platelets?
thrombocyte
115

Medical Histology (10 decks)

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