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PT 539 Pharmacology > Lecture 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Pharmacology

A

The study of the use of medications to prevent dx and cure disease.
The study of substances that interact w/ the body’s systems through chemical processes.

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2
Q

Goal of pharmacology?

A

Delivery of a drug to the target tissue in the simplest fashion w/ sufficient concentration of the active ingredients to achieve its therapeutic effect w/ minimal to no side effects.

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3
Q

Our role as a PT

A

Understand how drugs affect a patient, optimal response from PT, recognize S and S of side effects, adverse drugs events/drug interactions.

Review & monitor patients medication list.

Assess how drug impacts participation in PT.

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4
Q

S and S of Adverse drug event

A

Allergic Response - Hives, contact dermatitis

Anaphylaxis shock - several bodily systems effected, rash plus difficulty breathing, tongue swelling

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5
Q

Symptoms of Anaphylaxis

A 
Low BP
SOB
LOC
Shock
Leading to death

Systems: CP, circulation, skin, GI

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6
Q

What interaction occurs when Warfarin/Coumadin, Metoprolol is taken w/ Ibuprofen?

A

Increases risk of bleeds.

Check vitals.

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7
Q

What types of food interactions does Warfarin/Coumadin have?

A

Green tea, Vitamin K (dark leafy greens, chard, kale)

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8
Q

Analgesic
Trade name?
Generic name?

A

Tylenol

Acetaminophen/Paracetamol

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9
Q

Opiate Analgesic
Trade name?
Generic name?

A

Fentanyl, Hydromorphine, Methadone

Morphine

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10
Q

Antihypertensive
Trade name?
Generic name?

A

Inderal, Lopressor, Tenormin

Propanolol, Metoprolol, Atenolol

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11
Q

What is the role of FDA?

A

Facilitate the availability of safe, effective drugs
Keeping unsafe or ineffective drugs off the market
Improving the health of Americans
Providing clear, easily under stable drug information for safe and effective use

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12
Q

“Safe”

A

Not the complete absence of risk rather “free of serious side effects”

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13
Q

What are the 4 steps in determining effects and safety?

A

1) In vitro studies
2) Animal testing
3) Clinical testing
- healthy (<100)
- target (100-300)
- mixed (1-3K)
4) Marketing

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14
Q

Pharmacodynamics

A

What the drug does to the body, physiological response from the body

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15
Q

Pharmacokinetics

A

What the body does to the drug, absorption, distribution, metabolism, elimination

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16
Q

What are the different routes of administration?

A

Enteral - GI tract
*Oral - sublingual, buccal and rectal
Parenteral (outside the GI) - IV, IM, SubQ/SC

17
Q

Advantages/Disadvantages: Oral

A

A: Easiest, controlled dose enters circulation
D: Must be lipid soluble to pass through GI tract, irritate stomach/GI, 1st pass effect/dosage, rate and amount reaching target is less predictable

18
Q

Advantages/Disadvantages: Sublingual/Buccal

A

A: Avoid 1st pass, rapid onset
D: Limited dosage, easily pass through oral mucosa

19
Q

Advantages/Disadvantages: Inhalation

A

A: Rapid entry/onset, direct to pulmonary tissues
D: May irritate respiratory tissue, correct application

20
Q

Advantages/Disadvantages: Injection

A

D: Infection - if self

21
Q

Advantages/Disadvantages: IV

A

A: Accurate quantity, reach target tissue rapidly
D: Adverse ex’s quickly, infection

22
Q

Advantages/Disadvantages: SC

A

A: Slower release into systemic circulation
D: Administer small doses only, irritate local tissues

23
Q

Advantages/Disadvantages: IM

A

A: Muscle easily accessible, local problem, steady prolong release into systemic
D: Local muscle pain, prolonged soreness, limits repeated use

24
Q

Advantages/Disadvantages: Intrathecal

A

A: Delivers drugs w/i sheath (subarachnoid), near SC, By-pass BBB

25
Q

Advantages/Disadvantages: Topical

A

A: Rx skin problems, poorly absorbed by systemic

26
Q

Advantages/Disadvantages: Transdermal

A

A: Absorbed into SC * peripheral circulation, slow controlled release, constant dosage over time

27
Q

First Pass Metabolism?

A

Concentration of drug greatly reduced before it reaches systemic circulation.

28
Q

What are some factors that affect absorption?

A 
Drug solubility
Rate of dissolution
Environment of GI tract
Concentration of the drug
Circulation to the site of absorption
29
Q

What is bioavailability depend on?

A

Route of administration
Drugs’ ability to cross membranes, composed of lipids and proteins
Drugs ability to cross tissue barriers, passive diffusion

30
Q

What factors affect distribution?

A 
Tissue permeability
Blood flow
Binding to plasma proteins
Binding to sub cellular components
Drug storage
31
Q

How are drugs stored?

A

Adipose
Bone
Muscle Organs

32
Q

What are adverse effects of drug storage?

A

Local tissue damage
General anesthesia
Redistribution of drugs from storage

33
Q

Drug selectively

A

Selective beta-blocker

  • affects only heart function and not other systems
  • ability to interact w/ specific receptors on the target tissue
34
Q

Drug dose-response

A

Physiological response to the drug is dependent upon the # of receptors bound by the drug

35
Q

Agonist

A

Drug that binds to a receptor and initiates a change

36
Q

Antagonist

A

Only has affinity, binds to receptor but does not cause a direct change in function of cell, “blockers”

37
Q

The close the therapeutic index the safe the drug is. T/F?

A

FALSE, the window of toxicity is greater!

PT 539 Pharmacology (13 decks)

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