lecture 1

Question 1

principles of cell theory

Answer 1

cell is the basic unit of life
smallest structural and functional unit capable of carrying out life processes.
building blocks of all plants and animals
basic unit of life

Question 2

cells common features

Answer 2

plasma membrane
cytosol
nucleus

Question 3

plasma membrane

Answer 3

• thin membranous
  structure that encloses
  each cell
  composed mostly of
  lipid (fat) molecules
  (bilayer)
• selectively control
  movement of molecules
  into and out of the cel

Question 4

nucleus

Answer 4

• surrounded by a doublelayered membrane
• houses the cell’s genetic
  material, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
• Serves as a genetic blueprint
  during cell replication
• Directs protein synthesis

Question 5

Endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 5

Fluid-filled membranous
system
* a protein and lipid
producing factory

Question 6

Rough ER

Answer 6

surrounded by ribosomes
synthesizes proteins to
be secreted to the
exterior or to be
incorporated into
plasma membrane or
other cell components

Question 7

Smooth ER

Answer 7

packages the secretory product into transport vesicles,
which bud off and move to the Golgi complex

Question 8

Golgi complex

Answer 8

• consists of a stack of
  flattened, slightly curved,
  membrane-enclosed sacs
• closely associated with the
  ER
• Modifies, packages, and
  distributes newly synthesized
  proteins

Question 9

Lysosomes

Answer 9

small, membrane-enclosed,
degradative organelles
* break down organic
molecules with powerful
hydrolytic enzymes
* digestive system of the cell:
destroy foreign substances
and cellular debris

Question 10

Peroxisomes

Answer 10

• membrane-enclosed sacs
  containing oxidative
  enzymes
• detoxify various wastes
  produced within the cell or
  foreign toxic compounds
  that have entered the cell
  (e.g. alcohol consumed in
  beverages!)

Question 11

Centrioles

Answer 11

A pair of cylindrical
structures at right angles to
each other
* form and organize
microtubules during
assembly of the mitotic
spindle during cell division
* form cilia and flagella

Question 12

Mitochondria

Answer 12

Mitochondria
* rod-shaped or oval structures
about the size of bacteria
* enclosed by a double membrane
inner membrane forms a
series of infoldings called
cristae
* Cristae project into an inner
cavity filled with a gel-like
solution known as the matrix
extract energy from the
nutrients in food and transform
it into a usable form for cell
activities (ATP = Adenosine
Tri-Phosphate)
* Contain enzymes for citric acid
cycle (TCA) and electron
transport chain