lectur 3

Question 1

glycolysis

Answer 1

a chemical process
involving 10 sequential
reactions that break
down glucose (6
carbon molecule) into
two pyruvates (3
carbon molecules)
* Some energy from the
broken chemical bonds
of glucose is used
directly to convert ADP
into ATP (2 ATP)

Question 2

glycolysis diseases include…

Answer 2

McArdle disease: absence of enzyme involved in the first step of glycogen to glucose conversion

Question 3

• Pyruvate Decarboxylation

Answer 3

Pyruvate enters mitochondrial matrix
* Catalyzed into Acetyl CoA (2 carbon
molecule)
makes 1 nadh per molecule
and 1 co2

Question 4

TCA

Answer 4

2 carbons are removed from 6c citrate and then converted back into the 4c oxaloacetate, repeating the cycle.
- the 2c removed from citrate are converted to co2
these co2 and the one from decarboxylation pyruvate, pass out from the mitochondrial matrix, to out of the cell, then blood.
-o2 used is coming from within the molecule not from breathing
- hydrogen are also removed which is important for the ETC
-hydrogen carries include NAD+(nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) and FAD(flavine Adenine Dinucleoutide) –> NADH and FADH2
- one atp is indirectly produced

Question 5

TCA products

Answer 5

one atp is indirectly produced by guanosine Diphosphate (GDP)
Each turn of the cycle produces 1 GTP or ATP, 3 NADH molecules and 1 FADH2 molecule. One glucose molecule produces two pyruvate molecules, meaning one glucose can power two cycles of the cycle and produce 6 NADH and 2 FADH2 molecules.

Question 6

ETC

Answer 6

occurs in the inner mitochondrial membrane
most energy stored in hydrogens
NADH and FADH2 are then
converted back into NAD+ and FAD
Free to pick up new H molecules
They represent the link between
the TCA and ETC
* 1 NADH 2 - 3 ATP (2.5 ATP on
average)
* 1 FADH2 1 - 2 ATP (1.5 ATP on
average)
loose energy as they pass through carriers
electrons release free energy, part is whiched used to move H+ from matrix to the intermembrane space from complex 1 3 and 4
H+ ions are more concentrated in the intermembrane space then the matric which supplies the energy that drives atp synthesis.

Question 7

anaerobic conditon

Answer 7

if oxygen is limited or unavailable,
pyruvate is not converted into ACoA but into Lactate instead