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HSS1100 Microbiology and Immunology > Lecture 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

The basic structure of a virus

A

consist of nucleic acids and, in some cases, a protein shell known as a capsid

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2
Q

What do viruses do in the body

A

Viruses enter cells and divert the synthetic processes of those cells towards their own replication. In some cases this high jacking
can kill (or not) the host cell. Other bacteria are more complex than viruses but still only multiply in living cells. Within the cells they have a recognizable morphology and life cycle.

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3
Q

Basic structure of a bacteria

A

Prokaryotes, have a rigid cell wall with cytoplasm and their genetic material organized into a circular chromosome (plasmid)

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4
Q

Basic structure of a mycoplasma

A

similar to bacteria but do not have the rigid cell wall, and are
consequently more delicate.

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5
Q

Basic structure of a eukaryote

A

comprises all unicellular and multicellular animals and plants. The genetic material is organised into a nucleus.

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5
Q

What is resident bacteria

A

occupy a particular body site and form part of the normal flora. They constantly live in our bodies (ex// residents of a city)

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6
Q

What is transient bacteria

A

Transient flora is found in a specific location often as a result of displacement of resident flora, injury or trauma, or through human behaviour. (ex// tourists of a city)

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7
Q

What is immunology

A

study of our protection from foreign macromolecules or invading organisms and our responses to them

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7
Q

What are the 4 different classes of organisms

A

Viruses, Mycoplasma, Bacteria, Parasites

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8
Q

Where should there be no bacteria?

A

Brain, eyes, heart, CNS, circulatory system, inside organs

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9
Q

What are the three things our normal flora can do for us?

A
  1. Protection from invasive bacteria by taking up space
  2. Metabolism
  3. Immune stimulation
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10
Q

What are our mechanical barriers?

A

Physically involved to keep bacteria out. The number one is skin, then saliva, mucous, tears, hair, etc.

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11
Q

What are 4 ways bacteria can get into the body

A
  1. Adherence
  2. Toxin production (destroys some of our defenses)
  3. Opportunism
  4. Compromised host
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12
Q

What are 2 ways bacteria can use opportunism to get in

A
  1. Immune system has been compromised
  2. If bacteria goes where its not supposed to go

In these conditions, even good bacteria can have damaging effects

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13
Q

What is bacteremia

A

The presence of bacteria in the blood

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14
Q

What is septicameia

A

Poisoning caused by bacteria in the blood

15
Q

How does microbial disease occur?

A

In order to enter, they need to colonize (actively establish and multiply in/on body). Then, when damage occurs to the host, clinic infection occurs.

16
Q

What is clinical infection?

A

Disease that is easy to see due to abnormal presentation (ex// seeing clear symptoms in a patient)

17
Q

What is contamination

A

deposition without multiplication
bacteria don’t have to actively work to infect you, the bacteria is directly inserted into your body (ex// dirty needle)

18
Q

What component is common to both bacterial and archaeal cell walls?

A. Chitin
B. Cellulose
C. Peptidoglycan
D. Silica

A

c

19
Q

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of viruses?

A. Have DNA or RNA, but never both
B. Require living cells to reproduce
C. Can be treated effectively with antibiotics
D. Have a protein coat that encloses their genetic material

A

c

20
Q

The presence of which organelle differentiates a eukaryotic from a prokaryotic cell?

A. Ribosomes
B. Cell membrane
C. Nucleus
D. Cell wall

A

c

21
Q

What is the primary role of the bacterial cell wall?

A. To facilitate movement
B. To protect genetic material
C. To prevent the cell from bursting in hypotonic environments
D. To capture energy from sunlight

A

c

22
Q

How do prions cause disease?

A. By bacterial infection
B. By viral infection
C. By causing misfolding of other proteins
D. By genetic mutations

A

c

23
Q

Which is a form of passive immunity?

A. Recovery from an infection
B. Vaccination with an attenuated virus
C. Transfer of maternal antibodies through the placenta
D. Activation of the complement system

A

c

24
Q

Pathogenicity islands are:

A. Sections of DNA in prokaryotes that lead to cancer.
B. Genetic material that enhances bacterial adherence.
C. Distinct classes of eukaryotic genes that are inactive.
D. Segments of bacterial chromosomes that encode virulence factors.

A

d

25
Q

Which is NOT an outcome of antigen-antibody binding?

A. Opsonization
B. Agglutination
C. Neutralization
D. Binary fission

A

d

26
Q

Siderophores are produced by bacteria to:

A. Capture and utilize iron from the host environment.
B. Degrade the host’s antibodies.
C. Produce toxins.
D. Resist antibiotics.

A

a

27
Q

Which bacterial structure is critical for conjugation between two bacterial cells?

A. Flagella
B. Pili
C. Capsules
D. Endospores

A

b

28
Q

What does a high CFU count in a microbial assay indicate?

A. Low nutrient absorption
B. High bacterial load
C. Effective sterilization
D. Inactive microbial culture

A

b

29
Q

The mechanism by which bacteria acquire resistance to antibiotics through the uptake of naked DNA from their environment is called:

A. Conjugation
B. Transformation
C. Transduction
D. Replication

A

b

30
Q

Quorum sensing in bacteria refers to:

A. The accumulation of waste products in the environment.
B. The ability to sense and respond to cell population density by gene regulation.
C. The detection of host immune signals.
D. The division of bacterial colonies into new environments.

A

b

31
Q

Endotoxins are associated with which type of bacteria?

A. Gram-positive bacteria
B. Gram-negative bacteria
C. Archaea
D. Viruses

A

c

32
Q

Which structure do some bacteria use for adherence to surfaces?

A. Flagella
B. Cilia
C. Fimbriae
D. Pseudopodia

A

c

33
Q

What is the role of teichoic acids in gram-positive bacteria?

A. DNA replication
B. Protein synthesis
C. Structural support and protection
D. Energy production

A

c

34
Q

Facultative anaerobes are organisms that:

A. Only grow in the absence of oxygen.
B. Only grow in the presence of oxygen.
C. Can grow in both the presence and absence of oxygen.
D. Do not require oxygen nor are they poisoned by it.

A

c

35
Q

An example of a bacterium with a high intrinsic resistance to antibiotics due to its outer membrane is:

A. Streptococcus pneumoniae
B. Staphylococcus aureus
C. Escherichia coli
D. Mycobacterium tuberculosis

A

c

36
Q

The primary function of bacterial spores is to:

A. Reproduce rapidly.
B. Facilitate infection of host tissues.
C. Protect genetic material during harsh conditions.
D. Increase metabolic activity.

A

c

37
Q

Which is NOT a method used to classify bacteria?

A. Shape
B. Gram staining
C. Presence of a cell membrane
D. Oxygen requirements

A

c

HSS1100 Microbiology and Immunology (13 decks)

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