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Bioenergy > Lecture 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Birthplace of the industrial revolution

A

UK

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2
Q

What was the industrial revolution powered by

A

fossil fuels

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3
Q

What fossil fuel powered the industrial revolution

A

Coal

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4
Q

Where was coal first discovered in the US

A

West Virginia

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5
Q

How much of the US’s electricity does coal generate

A

Most (more than 40%)

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6
Q

During what period did pangea exist

A

Carboniferous period

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7
Q

Condition of the earth during the carboniferous period

A

Swampy

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8
Q

Oxygen level during the carboniferous period

A

Relatively high (over 30%)

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9
Q

Dominant creatures during the carboniferous period

A

Amphibians and insects

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10
Q

Why were amphibians and insects dominant during the carboniferous period

A

High oxygen levels

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11
Q

Fuel from the carboniferous period comes from ____

A

Fossilized remains of plants

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12
Q

Why was the carboniferous period the primary source of fossil fuels

A

Lignin-degrading fungi did not evolve until the end of the carboniferous period (no organism to break down lignin and other plant matter - therefore, it is more prone to be fossilized)

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13
Q

___ is a major pool of organic carbon that is highly resistant to decay

A

Wood

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14
Q

Why is wood highly resistant to decay

A

Presence of lignin

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15
Q

The only organisms capable of substantial lignin decay are ___

A

White rot fungi in the Agaricomyectes

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16
Q

What does white rot fungi in the Agarixomyectes contain

A

non-lignin-degrading brown rot and ectomycorrhizal species

17
Q

The origin in lignin degradation might have coincided with the sharp decrease in ____ around the end of the carboniferous period

A

Organic carbon burial

18
Q

What era was the carboniferous period during

A

Late Paleozoic era

19
Q

How did the carboniferous period get its name

A

Large underground coal deposits that date to it

20
Q

Where are the majority of coal deposits found

A

Europe, North America, and Asia that were lush, tropically located regions during the carboniferous period

21
Q

Two parts of the carboniferous period

A

Mississipian and Pennsylvanian

22
Q

Other names for the Mississippian period

A

Euramerica or Laurussia

23
Q

What types of plants was carboniferous coal produced by

A

Bark-bearing trees that grew in vast lowland swamp forests

24
Q

Why was there a surplus of oxygen during the carboniferous period?

A

Forests removed large amounts of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere

25
Q

Atmospheric oxygen level in the carboniferous period

A

35%

26
Q

Atmospheric oxygen level today

A

21%

27
Q

The size of insects and similar creatures is thought to be limited by ____

A

The amount of air they are able to breathe

28
Q

Theories as to why insects fly

A

Regulate temperature, to attract mates, to glide between trees

29
Q

Why did some amphibians develop a thicker skin

A

They will not dry out if they are away from water for too long

30
Q

When did Africa collide with eastern North America

A

Late Pennsylvanian

31
Q

What did the collision of Africa with eastern North America cause

A

Formation of the Appalacian Mountains

32
Q

By the end of the Carboniferous, the Earth’s landmasses were moving towards _____

A

A single, global supercontinent called Pangea

33
Q

When was the industrial revolution

A

18th century

34
Q

When was the second period of industrialization

A

late 19th to early 20th century

35
Q

Thomas Newcomen

A

Designed the steam engine

36
Q

James Watt and Matthew Boulton

A

Invented a steam engine with a rotary motion

37
Q

How did the steam engine help miners

A

Allowed them to go deeper and extract more coal

38
Q

Why did the need for coal skyrocket during the industrial revolution

A

Needed to run the factories that produce goods, as well as the railroads and steamboats that transport them

39
Q

Father of the American Industrial Revolution

A

Samuel Slater

Bioenergy (22 decks)

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