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BIOA01 Module 2 > LECTURE 02 > Flashcards

LECTURE 02 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the major difference between plants and animals at the cellular level

A

plants: cell wall, vacuole, chloroplast
Animals: Cholesterol

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2
Q

What is the cell membrane made of

A

Made up of lipids, protein and carbohydrates

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3
Q

What is the plasma membrane

A

a selective barrier that controls the movement of molecules from the inside and outside of the cell

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4
Q

What is the endomembrane system

A

A system of membranes that include the nuclear envelope, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vesicles, and plasma membrane.

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5
Q

What is the mitochondria/chloroplast

A

organelles used to harness energy and evolved from free-living prokaryotes

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6
Q

What are the three main things in cell theory

A

All organisms are made of cells. The cell is the fundamental unit of life.
In general, cells come from pre-existing cells.

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7
Q

What is the number of cells proportional to

A

the number of cells increase proportional to the size of the organism

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8
Q

What can the human eye see up to in terms of cell size

A

We can see up to 100 um and can’t see most plant/animal cells as we need a microscope

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9
Q

What is the phospholipid

A

The major lipid in the membrane

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10
Q

Why are phospholipids amphipathic

A

they have both a hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail

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11
Q

What happens when the head of a phospholipid is large and bulky and only has one tail

A

They form Micelle

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12
Q

What happens when the head of a phospholipid is small and has two tails

A

they form the bilayer

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13
Q

What structure can the bilayer form

A

it forms an enclosed structure called the liposome

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14
Q

What is cholesterol and how does it work

A

an important component in the animal cell that influences membrane fluidity by forming strong interactions with phospholipids by acting as a buffer

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15
Q

What happens at high temps for cholesterol

A

they affect the tail and reduce fluidity

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16
Q

what happens at low temps for cholesterol

A

they prevent lipids from packing too tight together

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17
Q

What is the receptor for

A

they allow the cell to receive signals from the environment

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18
Q

What do enzymes do

A

they catalyze chemical reactions

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19
Q

What is the anchor for

A

they attach to other protein to help maintain cell structure/shape

20
Q

What is a integral protein

A

protein that are permanently on the cell membrane (can’t be removed)

21
Q

What is a peripheral membrane protein

A

protein that are temporarily on the lipid-bilayer or integral protein

22
Q

How to peripheral membrane protein stay on other protein

A

Using weak non-covalent interactions

23
Q

What do transporter do and what type of protein is it

A

they have the important function of moving ions/molecules across the membrane and they are integral proteins

24
Q

How does the plasma membrane determine what moves across it

A

The plasma membrane is selective permeable (selects what moves across it)

25
Q

What is the simplest movement across the membrane

A

Passive transport

26
Q

How does passive transport work

A

It works through diffusion which is the movement of molecules from high concentration to low concentration the opposite can occur. No energy required

27
Q

What it the process for moving large molecules across the plasma membrane

A

Facilitated diffusion

28
Q

How does facilitated diffusion work

A

it works through proteins called channels and carriers which help move across the plasma membrane

29
Q

What is the process name for diffusion of water

A

Osmosis

30
Q

What are the four types of osmosis

A

Hypertonic- water moves from cell to outside
Isotonic - outside and inside have the same concentration
Hypotonic- water moves from outside to inside cell
very hypotonic - too much water moves inside cell and cell bursts

31
Q

Why does the cell wall not burst during osmosis

A

the cell wall can’t burst as it can take in a lot of water

32
Q

What is the force exerted by water against the cell wall

A

turgor pressure

33
Q

What is active transport

A

transport where it moves from low to high concentration and needs energy from ATP

34
Q

What are the two types of active transport

A

primary and secondary active transport

35
Q

What occurs in primary active transport (how does is use energy)

A

transport of sodium and potassium against concentration gradient.
Uses energy directly

36
Q

What occurs in secondary active transport

A

primary active transport pumps protein across cell membrane and creates a proton concentration -> antiporters use protons to move molecules against gradient

37
Q

What is the process of exocytosis

A

vesicles are budded off of the endomembrane system and fuses with the membrane and gives content from the membrane to extracellular space

38
Q

What is the nucleus

A

stores cell dna

39
Q

Nuclear envelope

A

it defines the boundary’s of the nucleus

40
Q

Nuclear pores

A

They help nucleus communicate with cells

41
Q

What is Er

A

Its a large organelle that produces lipid/protein for uses inside/outside the cell

42
Q

What is the rough Er

A

associated with ribosomes it synthesizes proteins using the ribosomes

43
Q

What is the smooth Er

A

it has no ribosomes and used for lipid synthesis

44
Q

What does the Golgi apparatus do

A

modifies protein/lipids produced in Er and sorts them as they go to final destination

45
Q

What does the lysosomes do

A

they are relied on for protein, lipid, carbohydrates, and acid degradation

46
Q

mitochondria/chloroplast

A

can duplicated themselves
believed to be bacteria/prokaryote that was captured by eukaryote (lived in cells)

BIOA01 Module 2 (10 decks)

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