Lect 2

Question 1

Pilocarpine

Answer 1

direct acting cholinergic agonist

use for tx of GLAUCOMA

Question 2

Edrophonium

Answer 2

Indirect acting cholinergic agonists (anticholinesterases)
Reversible inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase enzyme

Used for tx of Myasthenia Gravis (in which autoimmune destroys acetylcholine receptors in neuromuscular junction)

Question 3

Donezepil

Answer 3

Indirect acting cholinergic agonists (anticholinesterases)
Reversible inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase enzyme

Used in Alzheimer’s Disease (in which there is def of cholinergic neurons. This drug prolong the action of acetylcholine thereby reduce the rate of loss of cognitive fx of Alzheimer’s disease)

Question 4

Pralidoxime and Atropine

Answer 4

used to treat poisoning with drugs that have Irreversible Inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase enzymes

Question 5

Atropine

Answer 5

Cholinergic Antagonists
Muscarinic Antagonists

Uses - pre-anesthetic to prevent respiratory secretions, ts of PARKINSONISM, severe bradycardia, enuresis

Question 6

Scopolamine

Answer 6

Cholinergic Antagonists
Muscarinic Antagonists

Uses - prevent motion sickness

Question 7

Ipratropium

Answer 7

Cholinergic Antagonists
Muscarinic Antagonists

Uses - tx COPD to produce bronchiodilation

Question 8

Trihexyphenidyl

Answer 8

Cholinergic Antagonists
Muscarinic Antagonists

treats Parkinsonism
(Parkinson caused by low dopamine, and high acetylcholine)

Question 9

Sccinylcholine

Answer 9

Cholinergic Antagonists
Neuromuscular Blocker

Use - ideal for intubation because of rapid onset and short duration. Adjunct to anesthesia. Only deplolarizing agent

Question 10

what are Neuromuscular Blockers?

Answer 10

these drugs blocks the effects of acetylcholine by interacting with nicotine receptors at neuromuscular junction. Thus they produce skeletal muscle relaxation. THey are clinically useful during surgery for producing complete muscle relaxation.

2 types:
1. depolarizing blockers - bind to receptors and opens ion channels, resulting in depolarization of the end plate. Unlike acetylcholine, they remain attached to the receptors for a longer time and provide constant stimulation thereby making the receptors incapable of transmitting further impulses.
[ex: Succinylcholine]

2. nondepolarizing / competitive blocker - binds to receptors, but does not open ion channels.

Question 11

what are Ganglion Blockers

Answer 11

these drugs block the action of acetylcholine at the nicotinic receptors of all autonomic ganglia of both sympathetic and parasympathetic systems thereby blocking the entire output of autonomic nervous system. These drugs are very rarely used clinically.