[LEC] UNIT 3.2.1 Endocrinology Flashcards
This is a medical condition characterized by
inadequate production of growth hormone by the pituitary gland
GH Deficiency
Most common cause of growth hormone
deficiency
GHRH gene mutation
There is growth hormone but the problem is on
the receptors of the hormone or the production
of IGF-1
GH Insensitivity
Hyposecretion of GH during growth years
Dwarfism
Major types of Dwarfism
Proportionate Dwarfism
Disproportionate Dwarfism
Specific examples of disproportionate drawfism
DASHfism
Diastrophic dysplasia
Achondroplasia
Spondyloepihyseak Dsyolasia Congenita or SEDC
Hypoachondroplasia
Most common type of disproportionate dwarfism
Achondroplasia
“Tallest dwarfism”
Short-limbed
Hypoachondroplasia
rare disorder that causes disproportionate dwarfism
Spondyloepiphyseal Dysplasia Congenital or SEDC
Most disabling dwarfism
Diastrophic dysplasia
disease associated with hitch hiker thumb and scoliosis
Diastrophic dysplasia
This condition results from overproduction of
growth hormone by the pituitary gland, often due to a tumor.
GH excess
Common cause of hyperproduction of GH
pituitary tumor
Minor cause of GH excess
Aryl Hydrocarbon Interacting Protein gene mutation or AIP gene mutation
Organomegaly, a symptom of excess growth hormone, is commonly seen in which structure
thyroid (thyromegaly)
Most common organomegaly in GH excess
thyromegaly
Hypersecretion of GH during childhood
gigantism
associated with gigantism; causes a delay in the growth of the long bones and when there is hypersecretion of GH
Klinefelter syndrome
Hypersecretion of GH during adulthood
Acromegaly
T or F: Gigantism occurs before long bones are formed, while acromegaly occurs after the epiphyseal bones have closed
T
pituitary tumor that directly
secretes prolactin, and it represents the most
common type of pituitary tumor
prolactinoma
Hypersecretion of prolactin
Most common type of pituitary tumor
Prolactinoma
Overproduction or inappropriate production of
breast milk
Galactorrhea
Absence of menstruation in women
Amenorrhea
Effect of hypersecretion of prolactin in men
Impotence
Most common cause is the tumor in the
brain/prolactinoma that may press on the
pituitary stalk that will disrupt the production of
dopamine
Galactorrhea
T or F: The prolactin may inhibit the secretion of
gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
T
due to hypersecretion of PRL in males
impotence
Medications that cause hyperprolactinemia
Psychiatric medications
Antihypertensives
Antihistamines H2
Oral contraceptives
Opiates
This is a form of Cushing’s syndrome caused by a
benign tumor of the pituitary gland that leads to
excessive secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone
(ACTH)
Cushing’s disease
If there is increased cortisol, your cortisol mimics
the action of
aldosterone
action of aldosterone
sodium retention => hypertension
post-partum ischemic
necrosis
Sheehan syndrome
Lack of FSH and LH in both male and female
infertility
Inability to conceive after 1 year of unprotected
intercourse
infertility
Maintains water homeostasis
AVP
AVP acts on
distal convoluted and collecting tubules
it has to reach greater than ____ mOsm/kg
(milliosmoles per kilogram) for your AVP to be
secreted by the hypothalamus
295
normal pOsm
<284 mOsm/kg
causes of DI
Deficient AVP (secretion/transport)
Resistant to the action of AVP
Excessive water intake
Types of DI:
Neurogenic DI/Hypothalamic DI
Nephrogenic DI
Primary polydipsia
Gestational DI
In Gestational DI, there is a degradation of your AVP, coming from the enzyme
placental cystine aminopeptidase
Hallmark of Diabetes Insipidus:
(+) Hypotonic polyuria
The urine of patients with DI has been
classically described as
insipid
Can be due to either dipsogenic DI or psychogenic
polydipsia.
primary polydipsia
setpoint for ADH secretion
is normal; however, a resetting of the thirst
threshold occurs so that it is now below the
threshold for ADH secretion.
dipsogenic DI
the osmostat for
ADH secretion is normal.
psychogenic polydipsia
The ADH secretion is normal but it is a
psychiatric disorder
Psychogenic polydipsia
Differentiating between nephrogenic DI and PP, as
well as among those who have an equivocal
response to ADH, is best achieved by plotting the
basal and post dehydration UOsm and plasma ADH on nomograms
nomograms are created by
Zerbe and Robertson
