[LEC] UNIT 3.1 Endocrinology Flashcards
Composed of ductless glands that produce hormones which are directly secreted into the bloodstream for use throughout the body
Endocrine System
Endocrine system is a finely tuned system in which the _______, ________, and the ________ communicate through an intricate scheme of hormone-mediated feedback inhibition and stimulation stimuli
hypothalamus
pituitary gland
endocrine/peripheral glands
Functions of the endocrine system
GRaHaM
Metabolism
Homeostasis
Growth and Development
Response to Stress
Other name for APG
Adenohypophysis
Other name for PPG
Neurohypophysis
Hormones produced by PPG
NONE
It is just a storage
T or F: APG is the only true gland
T
This is the master gland because it
secretes these hormones that would target
the organs that are in need of attendance
Anterior Pituitary Gland
Functions as a storage and releases what the
hypothalamus produces
Posterior Pituitary Gland
T or F: ADH and Oxytocin are released only when needed by the body
T
Target organs of FSH/LH
Gonads
Nervous System + Endocrine System
Neuroendocrine System
Neuroendocrine System focuses on ________ ______ to the
secretion of pituitary hormones
Hypothalamic control
Endocrine - chemical messengers
Nervous -
Electrical/Nerve Impulses
T or F: The endocrine system produces widespread effects since hormones are released into the bloodstream and travel to target organs (e.g., gonads or kidneys), resulting in a slower but longer-lasting response.
T
Neurosecretory Cells
Hypophyseal Cells
Hypophysiotropic Cells
Neurons release their neurotransmitters and
neuromodulators at _______
synapse
These are chemical substances that send a message to another cell in the body
Hormones
Lipids derived from cholesterol ; bound to proteins
Steroids
Steroid Hormones
SCAATE PAD
Steroid Hormones
Cortisol
Aldosterone
Androgens
Testosterone
Estrogen
Progesterone
Activated Vitamin D
Amino Acid Derivatives
Biogenic Amines
Precursor of Catecholamines
Tyrosine (ty)
T or F: Hydroxylation of Phenylalanine (Phe) alone will
not produce catecholamines
T
Adrenal Medulla is part of the _________ Axis
Symphatoadrenal
The initial and rate-limiting step in catecholamine
synthesis is the conversion of? by the enzyme?
Tyrosine to 3,4-dihyrdrophenylalanine; tyrosine hydroxylase
Amine Hormones
AmEND T3 T4
Amines
Epinephrine
Norepinephrine
Dopamine
T3
T4
Peptides and proteins are synthesized through
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)
All peptide hormones are (2)
Hydrophilic
Unable to cross the plasma membrane alone
T or F: Peptide hormones can diffuse through the plasma membranes
F
T or F: Proteins are bigger than peptides
T
Proteins (bigger) = More than 50 amino acids
Peptides = Around 20-50 amino acids
Peptides and Proteins
CGGI OPA
Calcitonin
Growth Hormone
Glucagon
Insulin
Oxytocin
Parathyroid Hormone
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone
Glycoproteins are Amino Acid Derivatives with _______
CHO Groups
Glycoproteins
LeaH TraSHes HEr FiSH
LH
TSH
HCG
Erythropoietin
FSH
Eicosanoids are ______ acids
fatty
T or F: Eicosanoids are involved in cellular activity
T
Eicosanoids come from
platelets and inflammatory cells
Eicosanoids
LET the Pros
Leukotriene B4
Eicosanoids
Thromboxane A2
Prostaglandin
Acts directly on themselves
Autocrine
Act adjacent to the cells of origin
Paracrine
Secreted in one location and released into the blood circulation
Endocrine
Fourth Hormone Action
Juxtacrine
Promotes secretion of
the anterior pituitary
hormones
Releasing Hormones
Hypophyseal Hormones
Releasing Hormones
Releasing Hormones are secreted in
Hypothalamus
promotes the
secretion of
GH
Growth Hormone Secreting Hormone (GHRH)
Suppress the secretion
of a particular hormone
Inhibitory Hormones
Inhibitory hormones are secreted in
Hypothalamus
GI Tract
Inhibits insulin
Somatostatin
Inhibits prolactin
Prolactin Inhibiting Hormone / Dopamine
Stimulate growth and
activity of other
endocrine glands
Tropic Hormones
Examples of Tropic Hormones
TSH and LH
Effector hormones are secreted by
Endocrine glands (nonendocrine cells as targets)
Example of an effector hormone
Prolactin (lactogenic hormone)
A small region in the brain that plays a crucial role
in maintaining homeostasis by regulating various
bodily functions through its control over the
endocrine system (specifically the anterior pituitary
gland) and autonomic nervous system.
Hypothalamus
Functions of the Hypothalamus
HOPeN
Homeostasis
Osmotic Regulation
Pituitary Regulation
Neuro and Endo
GHRH releases
GH
GnRH
LH and FSH
CRH releases
ACTH
TRH releases
TSH and Prolactin
Somatostatin inhibits
TSH, GH, and Insulin
Dopamine inhibits
Prolactin
Processes in the body that regulate hormone
secretion
Feedback Mechanisms
Controlled Defiance
Negative Feedback Loop
Meaning of HPTA
Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Thyroid Axis
HPTA is a feedback loop that regulates ________
hormone production
thyroid
Controlled Amplification
Positive Feedback Loop
The natural process by which a pregnant mammal
gives birth, involving the contractions of the uterus
to expel the fetus and placenta
Parturition
Parturition marks the _________ of pregnancy
culmination
T or F: During parturition, the PPG releases oxytocin to stimulate uterine contraction
F
hypothalamus
T or F: Oxytocin helps initiate lactation and prepare uterine lining for recovery after birth
T
A process in the body that regulates hormone
secretion; It provides monitoring and control of the cellular
environment
Feedback mechanism / loop
An increase in the product results to elevation of
activity and synthesis rate
Positive Feedback Mechanism
Most common feedback loop wherein a stimulus will feedback upstream to decrease the
production
Negative Feedback Mechanism
Types of Negative Feedback Mechanism
Long
Short
Ultrashort
Feedback from hormones produced
in the pituitary target glands (like
thyroid) on the hypothalamus
Long FM
Feedback of hormones at the level of the pituitary gland
Short FM
Feedback between the pituitary and hypothalamus
Ultrashort FM
