[LEC] Intro to Pathology

Question 1

Investigation of causes of disease and the associated changes at the levels of cells, tissues, and organs

Answer 1

Pathology

Question 2

abnormal alteration of structure or function in any part of the body

Answer 2

disease

Question 3

Enumerate 4 aspects of the disease process.

Answer 3

1. Etiology
2. Pathogenesis
3. Morphologic changes
4. Clinical manifestations

Question 4

• the origin of a disease, including the underlying causes and modifying factors
• refers to why the disease arises

Answer 4

Etiology

Question 5

• refers to the steps in the development of disease

Answer 5

Pathogenesis

Question 6

“subjective” evidence of disease or disorder

Answer 6

symptom

Question 7

attachment of a specific name to a specific disease or disorder

Answer 7

diagnosis

Question 8

making a prediction of the outcome of the disease or disorder

Answer 8

prognosis

Question 9

Enumerate the 2 divisions of pathology.

Answer 9

1. General pathology
2. Anatomic pathology

Question 10

Identify the division of pathology.

• cellular and tissue alterations caused by the pathologic stimuli in tissues

Answer 10

General pathology

Question 11

Identify the division of pathology.

• examines the reactions or abnormality of different specialized organs

Answer 11

Anatomic pathology

Question 12

What are the two reasons why cells constantly adjust their structure and function?

Answer 12

1. To accommodate changing demands and extracellular stresses
2. To maintain homeostasis

Question 13

Enumerate 4 principal adaptive responses of cells.

Answer 13

1. Hypertrophy
2. Hyperplasia
3. Atrophy
4. Metaplasia

Question 14

What are the basic types of cellular adaptations to stress?

Answer 14

Physiologic (normal) and Pathologic

Question 15

Identify the cell’s adaptive response.

• ↑ in the size of cells and organ
• no new cells
• on cells that cannot divide

Answer 15

Hypertrophy

Question 16

Identify the cell’s adaptive response.

• ↑ in cell number
• proliferation of differentiated cells
• replacement by tissue stem cells
• on cells that can divide

Answer 16

Hyperplasia

Question 17

Identify the cell’s adaptive response.

• Shrinkage in the size of the cell by loss of cell substance

Answer 17

Atrophy

Question 18

Identify the cell’s adaptive response.

• reversible change in which one adult cell type is replaced by another adult cell type

Answer 18

Metaplasia

Question 19

Occurs when cells are unable to adapt to stress or when they are exposed to damaging agents or suffer intrinsic abnormalities

Answer 19

Cell injury and death

Question 20

What are the 2 types of cell death?

Answer 20

Necrosis and Apoptosis

Question 21

What type of cell death whereby enzymes leak out of lysosomes and the cell is digested?

Answer 21

Necrosis

Question 22

What type of cell death whereby the cell kills itself?

Answer 22

Apoptosis

Question 23

oxygen deficiency

Answer 23

hypoxia

Question 24

decreased blood supply

Answer 24

ischemia

Question 25

The most common and fundamental expression of cell injury

Answer 25

Hydropic degeneration

Question 26

Identify the type of necrosis. - tissue necrosis in which component cells are dead but basic architecture is preserved for a short while - characteristic of infarcts

Answer 26

Coagulative

Question 27

Identify the type of necrosis. - complete digestion of cell

Answer 27

Liquefactive

Question 28

Identify the type of necrosis. - friable yellow-white appearance (cheese-like), architecture completely obliterated

Answer 28

Caseous

Question 29

Identify the type of necrosis. - focal areas of fat destruction, typically resulting from the release of activated pancreatic lipases - on acute pancreatitis

Answer 29

Fat necrosis

Question 30

Identify the type of necrosis. - visible by light microscopy - usually in **immune reactions** in which complexes of antigens and antibodies are deposited in the walls of arteries

Answer 30

Fibrionoid necrosis

Question 31

Identify the type of necrosis. - usually refers to the condition of a limb, generally the lower leg that has lost its blood supply - has undergone coagulative necrosis involving multiple tissue layers

Answer 31

Gangrenous necrosis