[LEC] Hemodynamic Disorders

Question 1

What refers to an increase in blood volume within a tissues?

Answer 1

hyperemia and congestion

Question 2

Difference between hyperemia and congestion.

Answer 2

Hyperemia - active process
Congestion - passive process

Question 3

True or False.

Hyperemic tissues are redder than normal because of engorgement with oxygenated blood.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

What is the cause of increased blood flow during hyperemia?

Answer 4

Arteriolar dilation

Question 5

What is the cause of the blue-red color of congested tissues?

Answer 5

accumulation of deoxygenated hemoglobin in the affected areas

Question 6

What is the cause of cyanosis during congestion?

Answer 6

obstruction

Question 7

Identify the Type of Congestion.

• marked by blood-engorged alveolar capillaries and variable degrees of alveolar septal edema and intraalveolar hemorrhage

Answer 7

Acute pulmonary congestion

Question 8

Identify the Type of Congestion.

• septa become thickened and fibrotic
• alveolar spaces contain numerous macrophage laden with hemosiderin (heart failure cells) derived from phagocytosed red cells

Answer 8

Chronic pulmonary congestion

Question 9

• Accumulation of interstitial fluid within tissues
• Result of movement of fluid from the vasculature into the interstitial spaces

Answer 9

edema

Question 10

Difference between transudate and exudate.

Answer 10

Protein Poor = transudate
Protein Rich = exudate

Question 11

accumulation of extravascular fluid in the pleural cavity

Answer 11

hydrothorax

Question 12

accumulation of extravascular fluid in the pericardial cavity

Answer 12

hydropericardium

Question 13

accumulation of extravascular fluid in the peritoneal cavity

Answer 13

Hydroperitoneum (Ascites)

Question 14

severe, generalized edema marked by profound swelling of subcutaneous tissues and accumulation of fluid in the body cavity

Answer 14

Anasarca

Question 15

Enumerate Pathophysiologic Causes of Edema

Answer 15

a. Impaired Venous Return
b. Arteriolar Dilation
c. Reduced Plasma Osmotic Pressure
d. Lymphatic Obstruction
e. Sodium Retention
f. Inflammation

Question 16

______ accounts for almost half of the total plasma protein

Answer 16

albumin

Question 17

What causes massive edema of the lower extremity and external genitalia by inducing inguinal lymphatic and lymph node fibrosis?

Answer 17

filariasis

Question 18

True or False.

Hypercoagulability is a pathophysiologic cause of edema.

Answer 18

False.

(Hypercoagulability is NOT a pathophysiologic cause of edema)

Question 19

finger pressure over edematous subcutaneous tissue displaces the interstitial fluid

Answer 19

pitting edema

Question 20

Lungs often are two to three times their normal weight, and sectioning reveals frothy, sometimes blood-tinged fluid consisting of a mixture of air, edema fluid, and extravasated red cells

Answer 20

pulmonary edema

Question 21

Extravasation of blood from vessels

Answer 21

hemorrhage

Question 22

blood accumulate within a tissue

Answer 22

hematoma

Question 23

an intravascular solid, liquid, or gaseous mass that is carried by the blood to a site distant from its point of origin

Answer 23

embolus

Question 24

vast majority of thromboembolic derived from a dislodged thrombus

Answer 24

thromboembolism

Question 25

What is the primary consequence of systemic embolization?

Answer 25

Ischemic Necrosis (infarction)

Question 26

Emboli which travel through the systemic arterial circulatory system

Answer 26

Systemic Thromboembolism

Question 27

areas of ischemic necrosis most caused by arterial occlusion

Answer 27

infarct

Question 28

the process by which infarct lesions are formed

Answer 28

infarction

Question 29

a type of tissue that is prone to hemorrhagic infarction because of its dual circulation.

Answer 29

small intestine

Question 30

Results from low cardiac output due to myocardial pump failure

Answer 30

cardiogenic shock

Question 31

results from low cardiac output due to loss of blood or plasma volume

Answer 31

hypovolemic shock

Question 32

results from arterial vasodilation and venous blood pooling that stems from the systemic immune response to microbial infection

Answer 32

septic shock

Question 33

results from loss of vascular tone associated with anesthesia or secondary to a spinal cord injury

Answer 33

Neurogenic Shock

Question 34

results from systemic vasodilation and increased vascular permeability that is triggered by IgE- mediated hypersensitivity reaction

Answer 34

Anaphylatic Shock

Question 35

Enumerate the stages of shock.

Answer 35

1. Initial Nonprogressive 2. Progressive 3. Irreversible