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Histopathology > Decalcification > Flashcards

Decalcification Flashcards

1
Q

Process of removing calcium from tissues following fixation.

A

Decalcification

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2
Q

What refers to the tuberculous lungs?

A

Lung tubercle

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3
Q

What is the ratio of fluid to tissue (demineralization)?

A

20:1

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4
Q

What is the temperature for degradation?

A

55℃

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5
Q

What is the optimal temperature for decalcification?

A

18-30℃

room temperature

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6
Q

What is the main object of decalcification in a surgical pathology laboratory?

A

bone

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7
Q

What is the tool that histotechnologists use to cut soft sections of the bone?

A

microtome

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8
Q

True or False.

Length of the procedure depends on the weight of the tissue.

A

False. (Length of the procedure depends on the size of the tissue)

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9
Q

What is the tool that is sufficient to routinely and rapidly reduce undecalcified surgical specimens of hard tissue?

A

Low speed saw

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10
Q

A very hard material, which causes it to have a limited range of techniques available to produce sections from it.

A

Mineralized bone

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11
Q

What is the principle of decalcification?

A

Acids form soluble calcium salts in an ion exchange that moves calcium into the decalcifying solution.

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12
Q

What is the ideal chelating agent that sequesters metallic ions?

A

14% EDTA

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13
Q

When infiltrated by this, it is possible to polymerize the bone, which causes it to harden and not need to be decalcified anymore.

A

Acrylic or epoxy resins

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14
Q

What is the part of the bone that does not require softening?

A

Cartilage

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15
Q

Because of its insoluble keratin filaments, it is a waste of time to put it in a decalcification solution.

A

Toenails

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16
Q

Identify the decalcifying agent.

i. Most common
ii. Fastest
iii. Minimal distortion
iv. Inhibit nuclear stains

A

Nitric acid (HNO3)

17
Q

Identify the decalcifying agent.

i. Inferior to nitric acid
ii. Slower
iii. Distort much greater
iv. for surface tissue blocks

A

Hydrochloric acid (HCl)

18
Q

Identify 2 solutions that are both fixative and decalcifyer

A

Formic and chromic acid

19
Q

Identify the decalcifying agent.

i. Does not require washing out
ii. Not used for dense tissue
iii. Slow-acting
iv. ONLY suitable for small spicules of bone
v. 4 – 8 days decalcification time
vi. good nuclear staining

A

Trichloroacetic acid (TCA)

20
Q

Identify the decalcifying agent.

i. Very weak decalcifying solution
ii. ONLY for minute pieces of the bone

A

Sulfurous

21
Q

Identify the decalcifying agent.

i. Permits excellent nuclear and cytoplasmic staining
ii. Doesn’t distort the cell or tissue
iii. Slow for routine purposes
iv. 6 days decalcification time

A

Citric Acid-Citrate Buffer Solution

22
Q

How long is the decalcification time when EDTA is used?

A

6-8 weeks

23
Q

pH of EDTA

A

pH 7

24
Q

Identify the decalcifying agent.

  • Can lodge calcium in the bottom area.
A

Ion Exchange Resin

25
Q

Identify the decalcifying agent.

  • Can lodge calcium in the bottom area.
  • Produce artifacts usually caused by CO2 bubbles
  • Hastens decalcification by removing calcium ions from formic acid-containing decalcifying solutions
A

Ion Exchange Resin

26
Q

Identify the decalcifying agent.

  • attraction of calcium to the negative electrode
  • dependent upon a supply of direct current to remove calcium
A

Electrophoresis

27
Q

Identify the method for measuring the extent of decalcification.

  • Mechanically checked by pricking the tissue with a needle or probe, manipulation, bending probing, or trimming of the specimen.
  • Unreliable
A

Physical or Mechanical Method

28
Q

Identify the method for measuring the extent of decalcification.

  • Simple, reliable, and convenient method for routine purposes.
  • Involves detection of calcium in acid solution by precipitation of insoluble hydroxide or calcium oxalate.
A

Chemical method

29
Q

What will you add to the litmus paper to make it blue?

A

N3 (Nitride)

30
Q

What will you add to the solution when checking the extent of decalcification if it is still cloudy?

A

Ammonium oxalate

31
Q

Identify the method for measuring the extent of decalcification.

Very expensive but the most ideal and reliable method of determining the extent of decalcification.

A

X-ray or Radiologic method

32
Q

At what temperature will impairment of nuclear staining occur?

A

37℃

33
Q

How long will the tissue soften if you use Perenyi’s fluid?

A

12-24 hours

34
Q

How long will the tissue soften if you use 4% aqueous phenol?

A

1-3 days

35
Q

most rapid decalcifying agent

A

phloroglucin-nitric acid

36
Q

decalcifying agent:

for teeth and small pieces of bones

A

Von Ebner’s fluid

Histopathology (12 decks)

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