lec chap 11-12 Flashcards
Is the systematic study of the interrelationship that exist between organism and their environment
Ecology
Is the study of the numerous interrelationships between microbe and the world around them
Microbial ecology
Microorganisms that present both on and in our bodies
Indigenous microbiota
What is the older term of indigenous microbiota
Normal flora
Living together or close association of two dissimilar organisms usually two different species
Symbiosis
Organisms in the relationship in symbiosis are referred to as
Symbionts
A symbiotic relationship in which neither symbiont is affected by the relationship (no effect to other)
Neutralism
A symbiotic relationship that is beneficial to one symbiont and of no consequence to the other neither beneficial or harmful
Commensalism
A symbiotic relationship that is beneficial to both symbionts
Mutualism
A symbiotic relationship that is beneficial to one symbiont or the parasite and detrimental to the other symbiont or the host
Parasitism
A disease causing pathogenic relationship is referred to as
dysbiosis
Refers to the microorganisms that make up our indigenous microflora
Microbiota
Consists of not only the microorganism but also the genes they possess and their effect on the local environment within the body
Microbiome
All the microbes such as bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and viruses that reside on and within a person sometimes referred to as the
Human microbiome
It takes up temporary residence on and within humans
Transient microbiota
Which part of the ear contain the same microbe as on the skin
Outer ear and auditory canal because the middle ear and the inner ear are usually sterile
Which respiratory tract has an abundance of microbes
Upper respiratory tract such as nasal passages and throat
Harbor virulent pathogens in their nasal passages or throats but do not have the disease usually caused by these pathogen
Carriers
This respiratory tract is usually free of microbes
Lower respiratory tract
It is most often implicated in the formation of dental plaque
Streptococcus mutans
It is design for digestion of food absorption of nutrients and elimination of undigested materials
Gl tract
Contains the largest number and variety of microbes of any colonized area of the body an estimated 500 to 600 different species primarily bacteria
Colon or large intestine
It is a microbes againts microbes
Microbial antagonism
It is the microbes that hang around waiting for the opportunity to cause infection
Opportunistic pathogens
Bacteria and yeast that are ingested are used to reestablish and stabilize the microbial balance within our bodies are called
Biotherapeutic agents or probiotics
Microbes are often organized into ______ complex communities of assorted organisms
Biofilms
The bacteria that grow in tiny cluster is called
Microcolonies
Biofilms are very resistance to antibiotics and disinfectants, true or false
True
When two or more organisms team up to produce a disease that neither could cause by itself is referred to
Synergism
Bacteria found within other microorganisms are known as
endosymbionts
Define as any technology application that uses biological systems living organisms or derivatives thereof to make or modify products are processes for specific use
Microbial biotechnology
Refers to the use of microbes to clean up various types of waste including industrial and toxic waste and environmental pollutants
Bioremediation
Bacteria that normally consume methane in the environment that have been used to remove highly toxic solvents such as trichloroethylene and tetrachloroethylene from the
Methanotrophs
Studies the factors that determine the frequency distribution and determinants of disease in human population
Epidemiology
Are scientists who specialized in the study of disease and injury pattern in population and ways to prevent or control diseases and injuries
Epidemiologist
Is a disease that is caused by a pathogen
Infectious disease
Is an infectious disease that can be transmitted from one person to another
Communicable disease
Is a communicable disease that is easily transmitted from person to person
Contagious disease
Is the dose that takes to infect 50% of a population
Infective dose
Is the dose that results in the death of 50% of the population
Lethal dose
Disease that humans acquire from animal sources
Zoonotic disease
A particular disease is the number of new cases of that disease in a defined population during a specific time period
Incidence
Is the number of new cases of a particular disease that occur during a specified time period per specifically defined population
Morbidity rate
Is the number of cases of a disease existing in a given population during a specific time period
Period prevalence
Is the number of cases of a disease existing in a given population at a particular moment in time
Point prevalence
Is the ratio of the number of people who died of a particular disease during a specific time period per a specified population
Mortality rate or death rate
Is a disease that occurs only occasionally within the population of a particular geographic area
Sporadic disease
A disease that is always present within the population of a particular geographic area
Endemic disease
A disease or outbreak that is defined as a greater than usual number of cases of a disease in a particular region usually within a short period of time
Epidemic disease
Is a disease that is occurring in epidemic proportions in many countries simultaneously
Pandemic
What are the six components in the infection disease process called chain of infection
- Pathogen
- Source of the pathogen or a reservoir
- Portal of exit
- Mode of transmission
- Portal of entry
- Susceptible host
It is the six components in the infectious disease process are also known as the
Chain of infection
The sources of microbes that cause infectious diseases are mainly and varied they are known as
Reservoir of infection or reservoir
It is a kind of reservoir such as humans, pets, farm animals, insects, and arachnids
Living reservoir
Is a person who is colonized with a particular pathogen but the pathogen is not currently causing disease in that person
Carrier
Is a type of carrier that carry the pathogen without ever having had the disease or also known as asymptomatic
Passive carriers
Is a type of carrier which is a person capable of transmitting a pathogen during the incubation period of a particular infectious disease
Incubatory carrier
A type of carrier that harbor and can transmit a particular pathogen while recovering from an infectious disease
Convalescent carriers
A type of carrier that have completely recovered from the disease but continue to harbor the pathogen indefinitely
Active carriers
Infectious disease that humans acquire from animal sources are called
Zoonotic disease or zoonoses
It is a type of reservoir including insects such as fleas, mosquitoes, lice and arachnids
Arthropods
It is a reservoir such as air, soil, dust, contaminated water, and foods and fomites
Non-living reservoir
Inanimate objects capable of transmitting pathogens such as beddings, towels, eating and drinking utensils, hospital equipment, telephone, computer keyboards
Fomites
It is a specialized agency of the united nations founded in 1948 that have a mission to promote technical cooperation for health among nations; to carry out programs to control and eradicate disease and to improve the quality of human life
World health organization (WHO)
A federal agency administered by the us department of health and human services located in atlanta georgia established in 1946. That has a mission to collaborate to create the expertise,ninformation and tools that people and communities need to protect their health
Center for disease control and prevention (CDC)
Microbes purposely used to harm others in war time are called
Biological warfare (BW) agents
Pathogens used to create fear, chaos, illness and death in situations other than war are called
Bioterrorism agents
Are caused by bacillus anthraxia as for forming gram positive bacillus
Anthrax
A potentially fatal microbial intoxication caused by botulinum toxin a neurotoxin produced by clostridium botulinum as performing anaerobic gram positive bacillus
Botulism
What are the two types of water pollution
Chemical pollution and biological pollution
A type of water pollution that occurs when industrial insulation dump waste products into local waters without proper pre treatment, when pesticides are used to indiscriminately and when chemicals are expelled in the air and carried to the earth by rain or acid rain
Chemical pollution
A type of water pollution that waste products of humans such as fecal materials and garbage that swarm with pathogens
Biological pollution
What are the major steps in water
Sedimentation-coagulation-filtration-chlorination
Water is considered potable or safe to drink if it contains
1 coliform or last per 100 ml of water
