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STRUCTURES - WEEK 1 > LEC 9: Histology of the Nervous System - 08.22.14 > Flashcards

LEC 9: Histology of the Nervous System - 08.22.14 Flashcards

1
Q

From which embryological structure does the CNS develop and what does it include

A
  • develops from neural tube
  • Includes:
    • brain (cerebrum and brainstem)
    • spinal cord
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2
Q

From which embryological structure does the PNS develop and what does it include

A
  • neural crest derivative
  • includes:
    • spinal (sensory and motor) nerves
    • sensory ganglia
    • Schwann cells
    • Autonomic nervous system
      • sympathetic
      • parasympathetic
      • enteric
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3
Q

What are the two (2) main parts of the brain

A
  1. cerebrum
  2. brainstem
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4
Q

What are the three (3) layers of meninges covering the CNS

A
  1. Dura mater
    * tough, fibrous, protects brain inside skull
  2. Arachnoid mater
  • arachnoid trabeculae are connective tissue channels that connect arachnoid and pia
  • blood vessels go through arachnoid
  • arachnoid approximates brain surface
  1. Pia Mater
    * follows every nook and cranny of brain
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5
Q

meningiomas

A

tumors in meninges (pia, arachnoid, dura)

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6
Q

Ventricular System

A

fluid filled sac that is the internal core of CNS; filled with CSF, which is produced by the choroid plexus

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7
Q

ependymoma

A

tumors of ependymal cells

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8
Q

Ciliated ependymal cells

A

brain ventricles (ventricular system) are lined by ciliated ependymal cells; promote movement of CSF

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9
Q

Four (4) cellular constituents of the CNS

A
  1. neurons (nerve cells)
  2. glia (supporting cells)
  3. capillaries
  4. ependymal cells
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10
Q

Parts of a neuron

A
  1. one or more dendrites
    * information/signal receivers
  2. a cell body (soma)
    * metabollic support, sums info received
  3. one axon
    * transmits message

Neurons are structurally and functionally polarized

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11
Q

Neuronal subtypes, categorized by relationship between cell body and its processes

A
  1. multipolar neurons
    * throughout nervous system
  2. bipolar neurons
    * only a few places (retina, C8 nerve which controls audio)
  3. unipolar neurons
    * found only in sensory ganglia (info coming from skin, muscles, etc.)
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12
Q

Neuronal subtypes, categorized by cell body shape and dendritic process morphology

A
  1. pyramidal cells
  2. spiny stellate cells

Main 2 types of cells of cerebral cortex

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13
Q

Role of spines along axon of pyramidal cells

A

change with experience, learning, memory, cognition, plasticity, hormones, aging

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14
Q

Neuronal subtypes, categorized on the basis of the axon

A
  1. long axon projection neurons
  • to other neurons
  • to effectors (muscles, glands)
  1. short axon interneurons
    * amacrine cells (interneurons in retina)
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15
Q

functions of cells with short axons (or no axon, as in amacrine cells)

A

local circuit neurons (e.g. retina)

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16
Q

Two (2) parts of the axonal ending

A
  1. telodendron
  2. terminal boutons
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17
Q

What are the major organelles found in axon terminals

A
  1. mitochondria (ATP)
  2. synaptic vesicles (contain neurotransmitter molecules)
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18
Q

Components of synapses

A
  1. presynaptic membrane (with synaptic vesicles)
  2. synaptic cleft
  3. postsynaptic membrane

NB: can also have axo-spinous synapses

19
Q

Neuromuscular Junction

A
  • motor end plate is an enlarged terminal with:
    • synaptic vesicles
    • junctional folds
    • enlarged synaptic cleft
    • muscle sole plate
  • end plate is covered by lemmocyte cytoplasm and basal lamina
20
Q

nissl bodies

A

large glandular body found in neurons; actually RER with rosettes of free ribosomes

NB: spinal cord motor neurons have a prominent nucleus and lots of nissl

21
Q

Lower motor neuron diseases

A
  • polio
  • ALS
22
Q

Motor neuron diseases

A
  • Parkinson’s disease and related disorders
  • Huntington’s disease
  • Alzheimer’s disease and other dementias
  • Prion disease
  • Spinocerebellar ataxia
  • Spinal muscular atorphy
23
Q

Three (3) types of neuronal cell death

A
  1. apoptosis (programmed cell death)
  2. necrosis/cytoplasmic
  3. authophagy
24
Q

Glia cells

A

support cells of neuronal cells

25
Q

Three (3) types of glial cells

A
  1. astrocytes
  2. oligodendrocytes
  3. microglia
26
Q

astrocytes

A

Protoplasmic, fibrous

  • structural support
  • metabolic support
  • contribute to blood/brain barrier
  • form CNS scar tissue
  • provide scaffolding for neuronal migration and axon guidance
  • may participate in signal processing and memory encoding
  • scavenge neurotransmitters
  • send linings around capillaries
27
Q

oligodendrocytes

A

form CNS myelin

28
Q

microglia

A

CNS macrophages (exist in resting state, then activated to fight infection)

29
Q

Astrocytes and the blood brain barrier

A

astrocytic perivascular endfeet wrap around capillaries to protect brain from blood (may have disease in it)

30
Q

What do oligodendrocyte processes form

A

CNS myelin

31
Q

Nodes of Ranvier

A

breaks in the myelin, contributes to saltatory conduction (very rapid transmission of info)

32
Q

Multiple schlerosis

A

a demyelinating disease; plaques = absence of myelin

33
Q

myelin in CNS vs. myelin in PNS

A
  • axons myelinated by oligodendrocytes in CNS
  • axons myelinated by Schwann cells in PNS
34
Q

Schwann cells

A

also called neurolemmocytes

35
Q

non-myelinated nerve fibers

vs.

myelinated nerve fibers

A
  • non-myelinated nerve fibers are invested with neurolemmocytes (Schwann cells) alone
  • myelinated nerve fibers are invested with neurolemmocytes and several layers of connective tissue
36
Q

Schwannoma

A

a benign encapsulted tumor orginating from Schwann cells

37
Q

Nodes of Ranvier in CNS

vs.

Nodes of Ranvier in PNS

A
  • in CNS, Nodes of Ranvier are exposed to extracellular space
  • in PNS, Nodes of Ranvier are covered by cytoplasmic processes from adjacent lemocytes
38
Q

Connective tissue associated with a peripheral nerve

A
  • all PNS axons are invested with Schwann cells
  • Schwann cells surrounded by endoneurium
  • endoneurium surrounded by perineurium, with is lined with perineural epitheliod cells (perineural epithelium)
  • each nerve fasicle surrounded by perineurium
  • nerves are composed of multiple fasicles
  • whole nerve (all fasicles) is enveloped by epineurium
39
Q

What connective tissue surrounds Schwann cells

A

endoneurium

40
Q

What is perineurium

A

surrounds endoneurium, lined with perineural epitheliod cells to form perineural epithelium

41
Q

perineural epithelium

A

perineurium (which surrounds endoneurium) is lined with perineural epitheliod cells

42
Q

What are nerve fasicles surrounded by

A

perineurium

43
Q

nerves are composed of multiple fasicles; what surrounds all the fasicles together

A

epineurium

STRUCTURES - WEEK 1 (8 decks)

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