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STRUCTURES - WEEK 1 > LEC 7: Autonomic Nervous System - 08.20.2014 > Flashcards

LEC 7: Autonomic Nervous System - 08.20.2014 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two basic fiber types in a spinal nerve

A
  1. Afferent fibers
  2. Efferent fibers
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2
Q

How many total Afferent and Efferent fibers are there

A

(2) Afferent Fibers
(2) Effernt Fibers

Total of (4) Fibers in a spinal nerve

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3
Q

What are General fibers

A
  • Fibers that can be found anywhere in the body “from the nose to the toes”
  • All fibers in spinal nerves are General fibers

NB: no “special” fibers in spinal nerves (cranial nerves only)

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4
Q

What are the four (4) fiber types

A
  1. General Somatic Afferent (GSA)
  2. General Somatic Efferent (GSE)
  3. General Visceral Afferent (GVA)
  4. General Visceral Efferent (GVE)
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5
Q

Label this drawing

A

Dorsal Root Ganglion (DRG), which contains Afferent Sensory Fibers

  1. Cell Body of General Somatic Afferent Fiber
    * takes sensation (sensory) from body walls
  2. Cell Body of General Visceral Afferent Fiber
    * takes sensation (sensory) from inside organs
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6
Q

referred pain

A
  • pain perceived somewhere in body, other than at/from the source of irritation
  • e.g. heart pain felt/perceived in left arm
  • basis of referred pain is that somatic/visceral bodies lie in same root
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7
Q

The Autonomic Nervous System

A

The peripheral nervous system (PNS) is divided into two (2) branches:

  1. Somatic System - dervies from somites, innervates skeletal muscle and skin
  2. Autonomic System - innervates smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands

NB: As opposed to CNS (brain and spinal cord), the PNS is composed of all the nerves/ganglia that communicate with CNS.

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8
Q

What does the somatic branch of the peripheral nervous system innervate

A

skeletal muscle and skin; dervied from “somites”

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9
Q

What does the autonomic branch of the peripheral nervous system innervate

A

smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands

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10
Q

Which fibers make up the autonomic nervous system (ANS)

A

General Visceral Efferent (GVE) Fibers

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11
Q

How many neurons are relayed in the ANS

A

the ANS is a 2 (neuron) motor system

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12
Q

What does the ANS control

A
  1. feeding
  2. fighting
  3. fleeing
  4. sex

NB: it innervates the visceral structures

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13
Q

viscus, viscera

A
  • viscus* (singular, Latin) “hollow organ”
  • viscera* (plural, Latin) for “internal organs”
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14
Q

What does the ANS innervate

A

visceral structures made up of:

  • smooth muscle (e.g. eye, bladder, erectile tissue, gastrointestinal tract, arrector pili, blood vessels)
  • **cardiac muscle **(heart)
  • **glands **(e.g.sweat, salivary, lacrimal, adrenal, liver)
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15
Q

arrector pili

A

small muscles attached to hair follicles in mammals; contraction of these muscles causes the hairs to stand on end “goose bumps”

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16
Q

lacrimal glands

A

tear glands

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17
Q

Is the ANS motor or sensory

A

(by our definition) the ANS is purely motor (efferent); there is not a sensory part of the ANS by this definition

NB: true that there is an afferent (sensory) trigger, carried by General Visceral Afferent (GVA) fibers, but by our definition GVA is **NOT **part of the ANS

Remember:

Afferent = sensory = dorsal root ganglion

Efferent = motor = ventral root

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18
Q

How many motorneurons are involved in the ANS

A

Two (2) motorneurons

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19
Q

splanchnon

A

splanchnon (Greek, singular) “hollow organ”

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20
Q

Describe the two (2) motorneuron relay in the ANS

A
  • (2) General Visceral Efferent (GVE) fibers
  • 1st neuron = preganglionic neuron (presynaptic)
    • nucleus (initial cell body) in brain stem
    • axon = myelinated
    • Neurotransmitter = acetylcholine
  • 2nd neuron = postganglionic neuron (postsynaptic)
    • ganglion (cell body) receives signal from 1st
    • axon = unmyelinated
    • effector (target) = smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands
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21
Q

nucleus and tract

A
  • nucleus = nerve cell bodies (somas) found WITHIN the CNS (brain and spinal cord)
  • tract = nerve cell processes (axons/fibers) found WITHIN the CNS (brain and spinal cord)
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22
Q

ganglion and nerve

A
  • ganglion = nerve cell bodies (somas) found OUTSIDE the CNS
  • nerve = nerve cell processes (axons/fibers) found OUTSIDE the CNS
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23
Q

How are anatomical subdivisions of ANS determined

A

By location (either brain or spinal cord of first (preganglionic) cell bodies

NB: cell bodies of preganglionic nerves (1st nerves) also called nuclei

24
Q

What are the two (2) subdivisions of the ANS

A
  1. sympathetic nervous system
    * thoracolumbar (inital cell bodies are in T/L portion of spinal cord)
  2. parasympathetic nervous system
    * craniosacral (initial cell bodies are in S portion of spinal cord or in brain stem)
25
Q

Where are the preganglionic cell bodies located in the sympathetic division of the ANS

A

thoracolumbar spine (T1-L2)

26
Q

Describe the fibers of the sympathetic division of the ANS

A
  • Short preganglionic fibers
  • Long postganglionic fibers
27
Q

For the sympathetic division of the ANS, where are the cell bodies of the preganglionic nerves located

A

In the intermediolateral nucleus (column), T1-L2

NB: remember that nucleus is the word for many cell bodies of neurons within the CNS

28
Q

In the sympathetic nervous system, where is the cell body of the second neuron located (in other words, where does the first synapse occur)

A

Can be either:

  1. paravertebral ganglia: chain of ganglia, also known as sympathetic chain
    * most of the cell bodies of the sympathetic nervous system
  2. prevertebral ganglia: series of ganglia that sit in front of the aorta
    * celiac, superior mesenteric, inferior mesenteric
29
Q

Label this picture

A

A. Ventral Root

B. Doral Root

C. Spinal Nerve

D. Dorsal Ramus

E. Ventral Ramus

F. Lateral Cutaneous Branch

G. Anterior Cutaneous Branch

30
Q

Label this diagram (G-N)

A

G. Spinal cord

H. Sympathetic trunk

I. Grey ramus

J. White ramus

K. Pia mater

L. Arachnoid mater

M. Dura mater

N. Vertebral body

31
Q

Label this diagram (A-F)

A

A. Ventral Root

B. Dorsal Root, Dorsal Root Ganglion

C. Paravertebral Ganglion (Cell bodies of 2nd motorneuron in Sympathetic Nervous System)

D. Spinal Nerves

E. Transverse Process

F. Intervertebral Foramen

32
Q

Label this diagram

A

A. Intermediolateral nucleus (column)

  • Where cell body (nucleus) of preganglionic nerve sits (ANS, sympathetic)

B. Sympathetic Chain Ganglion

  • Where synapse of preganglionic nerve and postganglionic nerve occurs (ANS, sympathetic)

C. Gray Ramus Communicans

  • no myelin sheath

D. White Ramus Communicans

  • myelin sheath
33
Q

Splanchnic nerve

A

presynaptic fibers will travel via splanchnic nerve to the prevertebral ganglia

34
Q

Do preganglionic fibers have to synapse at the level or origin

A

No, synapses may occur at different levels

35
Q

What happens when preganglionic nerves do not synapse in the sympathetic chain ganglia (paravertebral ganglia)

A
  • Most presympathetic ganglia synapse in sympathetic chain ganglia (paravertebral ganglia)
  • Some miss the sympathetic change and travel, via the SPLANCHNIC NERVE to prevertebral ganglia
36
Q

Label this diagram and give the root values of the nerves

A

A. Sympathetic Chain

B. Greater Splanchnic Nerve (T5-T9)

C. Lesser Splanchnic Nerve (T10-T11)

D. Least Splanchnic Nerve (T12)

E. Lumbar Splanchnic Nerve (L1, L2)

37
Q

Root Values

A

vertebral level at which a nerve is born

38
Q

Splanchnic nerves

A

On the whole, carrying preganglionic sympathetic nerves to second cell bodies that are living in these non-chain ganglia (transporting to prevertebral ganglia)

39
Q

Where are grey and white communicans found

A

T1-L2

  • no grey/white communicans in cervical, lumbar (3-5), sacral, or coccygeal
  • can only have a presynaptic fiber if you’re in the area of T1-L2
40
Q

Cranial Nerves vs. Spinal Nerves notation

A

Cranial Nerves are Roman Numerals: III, VII, IX, X

Spinal Nerves are Arabic Numerals: S2-4

41
Q

Parasympathetic Nervous System and its relationship to the nervous system as a whole

A

Nervous system is:

  1. Central Nervous System (brain, spinal cord)
  2. Peripheral Nervous System (outer nerves communicating with CNS)
  • Somatic
  • Autonomic
    • Sympathetic
    • Parasympathetic
42
Q

Describe the fibers of the parasympathetic division of the ANS

A
  • Long preganglionic fibers
  • Short postganglionic fibers
43
Q

Where are the cell bodies of the presynaptic nerves (1st nerves) located in the parasympathetic nervous system

A

Two (2) possible places:

  • Nuclei of cranial nerves (nuclei = lots of cell bodies of nerves WITHIN the CNS)
  • Intermediolateral nucleus (Column) in S2-S4
44
Q

Where is the synapse of 1st and 2nd motorneuron located in parasympathetic nervous system

A

Ganglia for synapse of parasympathetic nervous system are located in, on, or near effector

45
Q

What are the targets of the second nerve in the parasympathetic nervous system

A

Trick: same as sympathetic nervous system; targets of all of Autonomic Nervous System are:

  • smooth muscle
  • cardiac muscle
  • glands
46
Q

From where do the nerves of the parasympathetic nervous system arise (where are the presynaptic cell bodies)

A
  • Brain Stem
    • Nerves III, VII, IX, X
    • Nerve X = vagus “wanderer”
  • Low portions of the Sacral part of the spinal cord
    • S2-S4
    • special name “pelvic splanchnics”
47
Q

Dividing line in gut between vagal nerve (Cranial Nerve X) and pelvic splanchnic innervation is at…

A

Left Colic Fixture of Large Intestine

48
Q

Cranial Nerve X

A

Vagus Nerve

  • *vagus *= Latin “wandering”
  • this is the “Big Mama” of nerves

Cranial Nerve X does everything through thorax, foregut, most of midgut, and up to LEFT COLIC FIXTURE of large intestine

49
Q

Evolution of Autonomic Nervous System for Somatic Nervous System

A

ANS is probably the more ancient system (evolution)

50
Q

Autonomic Nerve System is nerve fibers that innervate…

A
  • smooth muscle
  • cardiac muscle
  • glands

NB: It is not automatic, subliminal, or unconcious

51
Q

How many neurons make up nerves in the ANS

A

Two (2) neurons, not only one

52
Q

Sympathetic vs. Parasympathetic:

Region where preganglionic cell bodies found

A

Sympathetic

  • thoraco-lumbar (T1-L2)

Parasympathetic

  • cranio-sacral (S2-S4)
53
Q

Sympathetic vs. Parasympathetic:

Preganglionic fibers

A

Sympathetic

  • short preganglionic fibers

Parasympathetic

  • long preganglionic fibers
54
Q

Sympathetic vs. Parasympathetic:

Synapse

A

Sympathetic

  • synapse in prevertebral ganglia or paravertebral ganglia (sympathetic chain)
  • sometimes synapse in other ganglia that sit in gut (celiac, superior & inferior mesenteric)

Parasympathetic

  • synapse in ganglia located in, on, or near the effector structure
55
Q

Sympathetic vs. Parasympathetic:

Splanchnics

A

Sympathetic

  • long postganglionic fibers

Parasympathetic

  • short postganglionic fibers
56
Q

Sympathetic vs. Parasympathetic:

Postganglionic fibers

A

Sympathetic

  • Thoracic splanchnics
    • Greater (T5-T9)
    • Lesser (T10, T11)
    • Least (T12)
  • Lumbar splanchnics (L1, L2)

Parasympathetic

  • Pelvic splanchnics (S2, S3, S4)

STRUCTURES - WEEK 1 (8 decks)

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