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STRUCTURES - WEEK 1 > LEC 3: The Nervous System - 08.18.2014 > Flashcards

LEC 3: The Nervous System - 08.18.2014 Flashcards

1
Q

Neuron

A

nerve cell, basic unit of a nervous system

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2
Q

soma

A

Greek for “body”

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3
Q

flow of impulse in neuron

A

impulse flows from soma of one neuron, down the axon, through boutons to muscle, gland, or another neuron

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4
Q

Two (2) divisions of the nervous system

A
  1. Central nervous system (CNS)
  2. Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
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5
Q

What are the components of the CNS

A
  1. brain
  2. spinal cord

Both develop from neural tube in embryo

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6
Q

What are the components of the PNS

A

All nervous structures outside of the CNS that connect CNS (brain, spinal cord) to body

  • includes spinal/cranial/visceral NERVES

PNS develops from neural crest cells and as outgrowth of the CNS

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7
Q

What is the position of gray matter and white matter in the brain

A
  • gray matter (cell bodies) are the outer portion of brain (thinking part is outer)
  • white matter (axons forming tracts/pathways) are the inner portion of the brain
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8
Q

What is the position of gray matter and white matter in the spinal cord

A
  • gray matter (cell bodies) are the inner portion of the spinal cord (thinking part is inner)
  • white matter (axons forming tracts/pathways) are the outer portion of the spinal cord
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9
Q

radicle

A

the beginning of a nerve

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10
Q

tract

A

a collection of nerve cell processes (axons/fibers) found WITHIN the CNS

(gross term)

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11
Q

nucleus

A

a collection of nerve cell bodies (somas) found WITHIN the CNS

(gross term, do not confuse with nucleus of a cell)

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12
Q

What is the function of myelin

A
  • fatty myelin (white appearance) insulates axons from communicating with neighboring axons
  • myelin is itself a cell; nucleus wrapped around axon, cytoplasm (fatty) on outside
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13
Q

Two (2) divisions of the PNS nervous system by function

A
  1. somatic
  2. visceral (autonomic)
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14
Q

somatic

A
  • innervates structures (skin and most skeletal muscle) derived from somites in the embryo
  • mainly involved with receiving and responding to information from the external environment
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15
Q

visceral (autonomic)

A
  • innervates organ systems in the body and other visceral elements, such as smooth muscle and glands
  • concerned mainly with detecting and responding to information from the internal environment
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16
Q

PNS

A
  1. spinal nerves
  2. cranial nerves
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17
Q

nerve

A

a collection of nerve cell processes (axons/nerve fibers) found OUTSIDE the CNS

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18
Q

Describe the components of a nerve trunk

A

A. nerve trunk (visible in gross dissection)

B. epineurium (visible in gross dissection)

C. perineurium

D. endoneurium

E. fasicle (surrounded by perineurium)

F. fasiculus (bundles of nerve fibers surrounded by endoneurium)

G. nerve fibers (neuronal axon) (surrounded by myelin)

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19
Q

tracts and nuclei

vs.

nerves and ganglia

A

Really another way of distinguishing CNS (tracts, nuclei) from PNS (nerves, ganglia

  • nerves are similar to tracts, but found in PNS
  • ganglia are similar to nuclei, but found in PNS
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20
Q

nerve

A

a collection of nerve cell processes (axons/fibers) found OUTSIDE the CNS

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21
Q

ganglion (ganglia)

A

a collection of nerve cell bodies (somas) found outside of the CNS

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22
Q

What are X and Y in this structure

A

X. Doral root ganglion (DRG)

Y. Spinal nerve (radicle – where a nerve begins)

NB: Doral (anterior) side, so this view is actually a superior cut

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23
Q

Afferent sensory axons/fibers

A

conduct impulses TOWARD the CNS in the dorsal root ganglion

Think: **Afferent = DorsAL **(toward CNS)

24
Q

Efferent motor axons/fibers

A

conduct electrical impulses AWAY from CNS in the ventral root

Think: Efferent = VEntral (away from CNS)

25
Q

What is the structure of a typical Afferent (sensory) axon/fiber and what does it detect

A

Bipolar, detects “touch” (e.g. pain, temperature, pressure, texture, tickle)

  • cell body of Afferent sensory axon/fiber sits in dorsAL root ganglion (DRG)
  • brings signal from “touch” toward the CNS
26
Q

dermatone

A

each afferent sensory axon/fiber that brings in information is limited to which dorsal root ganglion it can go to

  • skin segments related to a spinal nerve are dermatones
27
Q

What is the structure of a typical Efferent (motor) axon/fiber and what does it affect?

A

Unipolar, effects “motion” (e.g. muscle contraction, gland secretion)

28
Q

Describe the relationship between:

  • Dorsal root ganglion (what runs through it)
  • Ventral root (what runs through it)
  • Spinal Nerve
A
  • Afferent sensory axons/fibers run through DRG, carrying “touch” information from external environment to CNS (cell body sits in DRG)
    • DRG = Pure Sensory
  • Efferent motor axons/fibers run through ventral root, affecting “motion” in the form of muscle contractions, gland secretions
    • Ventral root = Pure Motor
  • Spinal nerve contains both afferent (sensory) and efferent (motor) axons/fibers
29
Q

What are pure fiber types and what are examples

A

only one fiber type (afferent OR efferent)

e.g. ROOTS of spinal nerves

30
Q

what are mixed fiber types and what are examples

A

both afferent and efferent fibers together

e.g. spinal nerves and their branches

31
Q

What is the circled structure

A

Dorsal Ramus of spinal nerve (looks like a little thumb)

32
Q

What is the circled structure

A

Ventral Ramus of spinal nerve

33
Q

What are the branches off the Dorsal Ramus and Ventral Ramus called

A

Rami

34
Q

Name the labeled parts of this card and describe the orientation

A

A. Ventral Root (anterior)

B. Dorsal Root Ganglion, DRG (posterior)

C. Lateral cutaneous branch of Ventral Ramus

D. Anterior cutaneous branch of Ventral Ramus

E. Dorsal Ramus

35
Q

What does the Dorsal Ramus innervate

A
  • deep back muscles
  • overlaying skin

NB: Little thumb = deep back muscles and overlaying skin

36
Q

What does the Ventral Ramus innervate

A
  • innervates everything besides the deep back muscles and overlaying skin (Dorsal Ramus)
  • superficial back muscles to limbs, body wall, etc.
37
Q

What is the IVF

A

Intervertebral foramen, an opening for a spinal nerve

38
Q

How many cervical vertebrae and nerves are there

A
  • 7 cervical vertebrae
  • 8 cervical nerves

NB: Up through nerve 7 are named for vertebrae below them; nerve 8 and onward are named for the vertebrae below

39
Q

At which vertebral levels does the spinal cord end

A
  • L1-L2 marks vertebral end of spinal cord
  • spine continues to grow after birth
  • roots get progressively longer as you go down spinal cord to stay connected to IVF (exit door)
  • Cord does not get longer, roots get longer
40
Q

Name the labeled parts of this card

A

A. conus medullaris

B. Cauda equina

C. filum terminale (unpaired, not nervous tissue just connective tissue)

41
Q

What are the three layers of meninges (membranes that envelop the CNS), from inner to outer

A
  • form a P.A.D. over spinal cord
    • Pia Mater (tender mother)
    • Arachnoid Mater (spider mother)
    • Dura Mater (hard mother)
42
Q

Name the labeled parts of this card

A

Meninges (membranes that envelop CNS)

A. Pia Mater

B. Arachnoid Mater

C. Dura Mater

P. A. D.

43
Q

What is between arachnoid mater and pia mater

A

subarachnoid space, which contains CSF

44
Q

Dura Mater

A

Dura Mater surrounds spinal nerve/roots, eventually becomes part of epineurium of nerves

45
Q

What is the filum terminale made of

A

Pia Mater

46
Q

Epidural space

A

outside the dura mater (extradural); location for anesthesia placement

47
Q

subarachnoid space

A
  • lumbar cistern
  • between arachnoid and pia layers
  • space is LARGE around cauda equina
  • location for withdrawing CSF or placing spinal block anesthesia
48
Q

lumbar cistern

A
  • another word for subarachnoid space
  • between pia and arachnoid layers
  • location for withdrawing CSF or placing spinal block anesthesia
49
Q

Where do you do a lumbar puncture (draw CSF) and why

A
  • below L2, because that’s where spinal cord ends
  • L3-L4 is best
  • subarachnoid space (lumbar cistern) is largest in region below terminal end of spinal cord
  • subarachnoid space surrounding cauda equina
  • can draw CSF without touching cord
50
Q

What are the somas and axons/fibers of the CNS called

A

nuclei and tracts

51
Q

What are the somas and axons/fibers of the PNS called

A

ganglia and nerves

52
Q

Which fibers are sensory

A

Afferent fibers

53
Q

Which fibers are motor

A

Efferent fibers

54
Q

Where are afferent fibers found

A

Doral Roots (“pure”)

55
Q

Where are efferent fibers found

A

Ventral Roots (“pure”)

56
Q

Find the following structures:

  1. Dorsal Root Ganglion (DRG)
  2. Ventral Root
  3. Dorsal Ramus
  4. Ventral Ramus
A

STRUCTURES - WEEK 1 (8 decks)

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