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STRUCTURES - WEEK 1 > LEC 8: Connective Tissue - 08.21.2014 > Flashcards

LEC 8: Connective Tissue - 08.21.2014 Flashcards

1
Q

From which primary germ layer does connective tissue originate

A

Mesoderm

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2
Q

Connective tissue

A

connects, binds together, and supports other tissues and organs

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3
Q

What are the two (2) components of connective tissue

A
  1. cells
  2. extracellular matrix
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4
Q

What are the four (4) functions of connective tissue

A
  1. structural support
  2. medium of exchange
  3. defense and protection
  4. storage of fat
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5
Q

What are the three (3) components of extracellular matrix

A
  1. ground substance
  2. fibers
  3. structural glycoproteins
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6
Q

What are the two (2) components of ground substance

A
  1. glycoaminoglycans (GAGs)
    * old term: acid mucopolysaccharides
  2. Proteoglycans
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7
Q

Proteoglycan

A

core protein to which molecules of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are covalently bound

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8
Q

What is this structure and where is it found

A

Proteoglycan; found in ground substance of extracellular matrix

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9
Q

Structural glycoprotein

A

globular protein molecules to which branched chains of monosaccharides are covalently attached

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10
Q

Types of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)

A
  1. Hyaluronic aicd
    * not sulfated or bound to a protein
  2. Chondroitin sulfate
  3. Dermatan sulfate
  4. Heparan sulfate
  5. Keratan sulfate
    * 2-5: highly negative charges on these molecules
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11
Q

GAGs

A

GAGs are covalently bound to a core protein; together, the core protein plus the GAGs make up a proteoglycan

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12
Q

Which GAG is **not **sulfated or bound to a protein

A

Hyaluronic acid

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13
Q

What are the four (4) GAGs that have negative charges

A
  1. Chondroitin sulfate
  2. Dermatan sulfate
  3. Heparan sulfate
  4. Keratan sulfate
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14
Q

What are the principal fiber types of connective tissues

A
  1. collagen fibers
  2. reticular fibers
  3. elastic fibers
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15
Q

How many types of genetically distinct collagen are there

A

28

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16
Q

What is the difference between Types I/II/III collagen and Type IV collage

A

Type I/II/III collagen form fibrils, while Type I does note

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17
Q

Where is Type I collagen found

A
  • tendon
  • ligaments
  • bone
  • fibrous cartilage
  • dermis of skin
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18
Q

Where is Type II collagen found

A
  • hyaline cartilage
  • elastic cartilage
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19
Q

Where is Type III (reticular) collagen found

A
  • lymphoid organs
  • muscle cells
  • blood vessels
  • liver
  • endocrine glands
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20
Q

Where is Type IV collagen found

A
  • basement membranes of epithelium, endothelium, muscle, and nerve axons
    • do not form fibrils
    • form mesh-like structure
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21
Q

H&E stain of collagen fibers

A

Collagen fibers stained acidophilic (pink)

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22
Q

Mallory Trichrome Stain of collagen fibers

A

Collagen fibers are stained blue (Type I and III collagens)

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23
Q

Properties of collagen fibers (Type I/II/III)

A
  1. mechanical support
  2. confer great strength to the tissue
  3. resistance to stretching when pulled
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24
Q

Fibroblasts have which two organelles in large quantities for synthesis of procollagen

A
  1. RER
  2. Golgi bodies
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25
Q

Procollagen

A
  • Procollagen is produced and secreted into extracellular matrix
  • Procollagen then converted into tropocollagen
  • Tropocollagen is then polymerized into fibrils
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26
Q

Silver Stain of Type III collagen (reticular fibers)

A
  • Type III collagen are stained black (agryrophilic)
  • Reticular fibers are thinner than Type I collagen
  • Reticular fibers are 6-12% hexose sugar residues and are PAS positive for this reason

NB: Type I collagen is 1% hexose sugar residues

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27
Q

What composes basement membrane of an epithelial cell

A
  1. type IV collagen
  2. GAG (heparan sulfate)
  3. laminin
  4. entactin
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28
Q

Characteristics of Type IV collagen

A
  • do not form fibrils, but a mesh-like structure
  • PAS positive
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29
Q

Two (2) components of elastic fiber

A
  1. elastin (desmosine and isodesmosine – amino acid derivatives)
  2. microfibrils (fibrillin)
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30
Q

Describe this tissue

A

Elastic fibers (connective tissue spread preparation)

  • fibers are thin and branched, forming irregular networks
31
Q

Properties of elastic fibers

A
  • stretchable as rubber (amino acid derivatives desmosine and isodesmosine)
  • can stretch 150% of length without breaking and when tension released, snap back (eleastic recoil)
32
Q

What three (3) structures are responsible for producing elastic fibers

A
  1. fibroblasts (connective tissue)
  2. smooth muscle cells (in blood vessel wall, especially of arteries)
  3. chondroblasts and chondrocytes in elastic cartilage
33
Q

Classification of Connective Tissues

A

A. Connective tissue proper

  1. Loose connective tissue
  2. Dense connective tissue
  • Dense irregularly arranged
  • Dense regular arranged

B. Specialized connective tissue

  1. Reticular tissue
  2. Elastic tissue
  3. Adipose tissue

C. Embryonic connective tissue

  1. Mesenchyme
  2. Mucous
34
Q

What are the two (2) types of connective tissue proper

A
  1. Loose connective tissue
  2. Dense connective tissue
  • Dense irregularly arranged
  • Dense regular arranged
35
Q

What are the three (3) types of specialized connective tissue

A
  1. reticular tissue
  2. elastic tissue
  3. adipose tissue
36
Q

What are the two (2) types of embryonic connective tissue

A
  1. mesenchyme
  2. mucous
37
Q

What type of tissue is this and what are its characteristics

A

Loose Connective Tissue (Connective tissue proper)

  • more cells than collagen fibers
  • most tissues and organs
  • lamina propria
  • largely Type III collagen
38
Q

What type of tissue is this and what are its characteristics

A

Dense irregular connective tissue

  • more collagen fibers than cells
  • largely Type I and Type III collagens
  • some elastic fibers
  • found in dermis of skin
39
Q

What tissue is this and what are its characteristics

A

Dense regular connective tissue

  • parallel bundles of collagen fibers separated by linear rows of fibroblasts
  • Type I collagen
  • Found in tendons, ligaments, aponeurosis

NB: aponeurosis are layers of flat, broad tendons; primary function is to join muscles and the body parts the muscles act upon, whether it be bone or muscle

40
Q

What type of tissue is this and what are its characteristics

A

Reticular tissue

  • composed of loose network of Type III collagen (remember, Type III collage = reticular fibers)
  • forms supportive stroma for tissues and organs
41
Q

Where is reticular tissue most abundant

A

Reticular tissue is most abundant in lymphoid organs, like the lymph node or the spleen

42
Q

What kind of tissue is this and what stain is used

A

Resorcin fuchsin stain, elastic arteries (elastic tissue)

43
Q

What kind of tissue is this and what stain is used

A

Resorcin fuchsin stain, elastic cartilage (elastic tissue)

44
Q

What kind of tissue is this

A

Adipose tissue (white/yellow); adipocytes (fat cells) contain one large single fat droplet

45
Q

Characteristics of adipose tissue (fat)

A
  • found in subcutaneous tissue, omentum (abdomen), mesenteries, breast, and bone marrow
  • thermal insulation – poor heat conductor
  • storage of energy in form of triglycerides
  • release of free fatty acids to distant sites as energy source
  • visceral fats = obesity
46
Q

What kind of tissue is this and where is it found

A

Mesenchyme

  • mesenchymal cells are stellate or spindle shape
  • delicate branching cytoplasmic processes surrounded by ground substance
  • unspecialized – can differentiate into almost all cell types found in mature connective tissues
47
Q

What kind of tissue is this and where is it found

A

Mucous (mucoid) connective tissue; Wharton’s Jelly

  • mucuous connective tissue is a type of embryonic connective tissue
  • found in umbilical cord
48
Q

stroma

A

the connective tissue within an organ

49
Q

parenchyma

A

the cells supported by the stroma

50
Q

What are the eight (8) major cell types in connective tissue (especially loose connective tissue)

A
  1. fibroblasts
  2. mast cells
  3. macrophages
  4. lymphocytes
  5. plasma cells
  6. neutrophils
  7. eosinophils
  8. adipocytes
51
Q

What kind of tissue is this and what cells are found here

A

Connective tissue, with fibroblast cells

  • fibroblasts have spindle shape with elongated nucleus
  • have slightly basophilic cytoplasm (blue)
  • fibroblasts charged with continuous slow turnover of ECM (collagens, elastic fibers, ground substance)
52
Q

What kind of tissue is this and what cells are noticeable

A

Connective tissue, mast cells

  • single nucleus
  • strongly acidic cytoplasm
  • finely granular
53
Q

What are the abundant granules in the mast cell cytoplasm

A
  1. heparin
  2. histamine

NB: Histamine released from mast cells trigger allergic reaction “hayfever” (rx: antihistamines)

54
Q

monocytes

A

precursor of macrophages (hence, monocyte-macrophage system)

55
Q

What are the six (6) cells that make up the monocyte-macrophage system

A
  1. Macrophages
  2. Microglia
  3. Osteoclasts
  4. Kupffer cells
  5. Langerhans cells
  6. Dendritic cells
56
Q

Where are macrophages found

A

connective tissue, lungs, lymphoid organs, bone marrow

57
Q

Where are microglia found

A

CNS (brain, spinal cord)

58
Q

Where are osteoclasts found

A

bone

59
Q

Where are Kupffer cells found

A

Liver

60
Q

Where are Langerhans cells found

A

Skin

61
Q

Where are dendritic cells found

A

Lymphoid nodes

62
Q

What is this cell and what are its characteristics

A

Monocyte in blood circulation, precursor of macrophage

  • monocytes develop in the bone marrow and circulate in the blood
  • after leaving circulation into the connective tissue, monocyte differentiates into a macrophage
63
Q

What are the characteristics of a macrophage

A
  • lysosomes (primary, secondary, tertiary)
  • lysosomal enzymes like acid phosphatase
  • phagocytosis of cell debris, inert materials, bacteria, damaged ECM
  • secrete cytokines
  • antigen presenting cells
    • processing and presentation of antigents to lymphocytes (T cells); component of immune system
64
Q

Describe this schema

A

Macrophage is an antigen presenting cell; processes antigen (Ag), presents to lymphocyte (T cell) and T cell activates

65
Q

What kind of tissue is this and what cells are visible

A

Macrophages in connective tissue showing phagocytic particles in cytoplasm

66
Q

What kind of tissue is this and what cells are visible

A

Lymphocytes in blood circulation

  • develop in the bone marrow
    • T lymphocytes
    • B lymphocytes
  • leave the circulation and enter the connective tissue
67
Q

What kind of tissue is this and what cells are visible (X, Y); how are they related

A

Loose connective tissue

  • X = lymphocytes (B lymphocytes) that differentiate into plasma cells that make antibodies (live 1-2 yrs)
  • Y = Plasma cells make antibodies (live 2-3 wks)
68
Q

What are antibodies and how are they made

A

(also called immunoglobulins) are glycoproteins

  • RER = synthesis of the glycoproteins
  • Golgi = glycosylation of the glycoproteins

NB: antibodies do not aggregate into secretory granules

69
Q

What kind of tissue is this and what cells are visible

A

Neutrophils in blood circulation

  • multi-lobed nucleus (3-5 lobes)
  • slightly pinkish cytoplasm containing barely visible granules
  • approx. 6 hours in blood circulation
70
Q

What kind of tissue is this and what cells are visible

A

Neutrophils in loose connective tissue

  • acute infection
  • amoeboid movement
  • phagocytic cells
  • lysosomal enzymes
  • terminally differentiated cells (spend a few days in CT)
71
Q

Example of dirty splinter

A
  • in response to accute inflammation, increased number neutrophils leave blood circulation
  • migrate to site of bacterial infection
  • phagocytize bacteria, microorganisms, cell debris in poorly oxygenated environment (inflamed or necrotic tissue)
  • defunct neutrophils = pus cells
72
Q

What kind of tissue is this and what cells are visible

A

Eosinophil in blood circulation

  • bilobed nucleus
  • strongly eosinophilic granules in cytoplasm
  • increased number in blood in parasitic infections and in allergy reaction
73
Q

What kind of tissue is this and what cells are visible

A

Loose connective tissue, presence of eosinophils

  • bilobed nucleus
  • highly eosinophilic granules in cytoplasm
  • chronic inflammation
  • phagocytic Ag-Ab complex
  • Lysosomal enzymes
  • approx 2 weeks in tissue

STRUCTURES - WEEK 1 (8 decks)

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