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BIO 105 > LEC 9 > Flashcards

LEC 9 Flashcards

Metabolic Pathways Intro

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1
Q

Metabolism

A

The sum of all the chemical reactions in an organism

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2
Q

A single cell can have _____________ of different chemical reactions occurring at the same time

A

thousands

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3
Q

Metabolic pathways def

A

Reactions that are organized so that one reaction follows another

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4
Q

Metabolic pathway patterns (2)

A

Orderly and predictable

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5
Q

Metabolic pathways (2)

A
  1. Linear
  2. Cyclic
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6
Q

Metabolic pathways: Linear

A

The product (end material) of one reaction becomes the substrate (starting material) for the next reaction

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7
Q

Metabolic pathways: Cyclic

A

The substrate material enters the reaction, the product material exits but the basic chemical cycle repeats over and over

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8
Q

Metabolic pathway types (2)

A
  1. Anabolic
  2. Catabolic
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9
Q

Anabolic Reaction (2)

A

Building up of larger molecules from smaller molecules

dehydration synthesis

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10
Q

Catabolic Reaction (2)

A

Breaking down molecules to smaller, lower energy products

hydrolysis

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11
Q

“anabole”

A

throwing UP

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12
Q

“katabole”

A

throwing DOWN

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13
Q

Does an anabolic reaction need energy or release energy?

A

Needs energy

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14
Q

Does a catabolic reaction need energy or release energy?

A

Releases energy

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15
Q

Enzymes (4)

A
  1. Specific proteins needed for most metabolic pathways
  2. Take part in reactions
  3. Not changed or destroyed by the reaction
  4. Reused repeatly
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16
Q

Two important enzymes in energy production

A
  1. NAD+
  2. FADH
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17
Q

Co-enzymes (2)

A
  • “Helpers” not proteins
  • Assist during reactions by moving certain molecules from one part of the reaction to another
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18
Q

Cells get their energy from_______________

A

Catabolism of molecules that serve as chemical stores of energy (ie. glucose, lipids & proteins)

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19
Q

Most immediate source of energy

A

ATP

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20
Q

ATP

A

Adenosine triphosphate

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21
Q

Where is energy locked in ATP?

A

between phosphate bonds

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22
Q

How is energy released from ATP?

A

Removal of phosphate releases energy that is stored there and the cell can do work

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23
Q

Phosphorylation

A

Adding the inorganic phosphate back and re-creating ATP

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24
Q

ATP equation

A

ATP = ADP + Pi + energy

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25
Q

ATP Fuel Source

A

What is available (mostly glucose) (if no glucose, then stored fats, proteins)

26
Q

Glucose source (2)

A
  1. food that has recently been consumed
  2. stored glycogen
27
Q

What kind of reaction is glucose to ATP?

A

Catabolic

28
Q

glucose to ATP reaction waste products

A

Carbon dioxide & water

28
Q

Does the reaction of glucose to ATP need O2?

A

Yes

29
Q

1 glucose molecule = __________ ATP

A

36 ATP

30
Q

The Production of ATP Steps (4)

A
  1. Glycolysis
  2. Preparatory step
  3. Citric acid cycle
  4. Electron transport system
31
Q

Where does glycolysis (STEP 1) take place?

A

in cytoplasm

32
Q

Where do the preparatory step, citric acid cycle, electron transport system (STEP 2-4) take place?

A

mitochondria

33
Q

preparatory step, citric acid cycle, electron transport system (STEP 2-4)

A

cellular respiration

34
Q

At what steps is ATP produced?

A

Step 1, 3, 4

35
Q

Glycolysis literal breakdown

A

“glyco” = sweet (refers to sugar)
“lysis” = to break

36
Q

Glycolysis steps (2)

A
  1. Energy Investment Step
  2. Energy Yielding Step
37
Q

Energy Investment Stage Step 1:
________ ATP molecules start the __________ of glucose

A
  1. two
  2. catabolism
38
Q

Energy Investment Stage Step 2:
________ molecule breaking into ________ equal pieces (each with 3 ________ )

A
  1. glucose
  2. two
  3. carbons
39
Q

Energy Investment Stage Step 3:
A __________ from each __________ is added to the two halves of the glucose. Each half is now called __________.

A
  1. phosphate
  2. ATP
  3. G3P (Glyceraldehyde-3-phospate)
40
Q

G3P full form

A

Glyceraldehyde-3-phospate

41
Q

Energy Yielding Stage Step 1:
Enzymes in the __________ cause the _______ G3P molecules to break down

A
  1. cytoplasm
  2. two (2)
42
Q

Energy Yielding Stage Step 2:
Form _______
_______ molecules

A
  1. two (2)
  2. pyruvate
43
Q

Energy Yielding Stage Step 3:
_____ ATP molecules are formed by substrate
___________

A
  1. Four
  2. phosphorylation
44
Q

Energy Yielding Stage Step 4:
_____ ions and electrons (e-) are _________ during the breakdown of G3P

A
  1. H+
  2. released
45
Q

Energy Yielding Stage Step 5:
H+ and e- are picked up by________ coenzymes called
________

A
  1. two (2)
  2. NAD+
45
Q

Coenzyme NAD+ full form

A

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

46
Q

When does NAD+ become NADH?

A

During glycolysis

47
Q

How does NAD+ become NADH? (2)

A

NAD+ picks up:
- One high energy hydrogen ion
- Two high energy electrons

48
Q

________ NADH are produced during glycolysis

A

Two

49
Q

Summary: Stage #1 - Glycolysis ATP (3)

A
  • 2 ATP invested at start
  • 4 ATP molecules produced through substrate level phosphorylation
  • NET GAIN = 2 ATP
50
Q

Summary: Stage #1 - Glycolysis Coenzyme activity

A

2 NAD+ molecules pick-up 1 hydrogen and 2 electrons each to become 2 molecules of NADH
(go to Stage #4)

51
Q

Summary: Stage #1 - Glycolysis What’s left?

A

2 pyruvate molecules (go to Stage #2)

52
Q

Cellular Respiration (3)

A
  • In order to produce large quantities of ATP, pyruvate molecules must enter the mitochondria
  • needs O2 (NO oxygen = pyruvate molecules can’t enter mitochondria = no more ATP being produced)
  • STAGES 2 - 4
53
Q

Cellular Respiration and NO O2?

A

NO oxygen = pyruvate molecules can’t enter mitochondria = no more ATP being produced

54
Q

Stage #2 – Preparatory Step Location

A

inner membrane region

55
Q

Stage #2 – Preparatory Step Step 1

A

Two (2) pyruvate molecules
Cross the outer and inner membranes of the mitochondria to arrive in the inner membrane region

56
Q

Stage #2 – Preparatory Step Step 2 (3)

A

Each pyruvate molecule is converted into:
1. A 2-carbon acetyl group
2. Carbon dioxide (waste product)
3. NADH molecule

57
Q

Stage #2 – Preparatory Step Step 3 (2)

A

Coenzyme A
1. Picks up an acetyl group to form acetyl CoA
2. The acetyl groups will be delivered to Stage #3

58
Q

Summary: Stage #2 – Preparatory Step ATP

A

NONE

59
Q

Summary: Stage #2 – Preparatory Step Coenzyme activity (2)

A
  1. 2 NAD+ molecules each pick-up 1 hydrogen and 2 electrons to become 2 molecules of NADH
    (TO Stage #4)
  2. Two ccoenzyme A pick-up an acetyl group each to become Acetyl CoA (TO Stage #3)
60
Q

Summary: Stage #2 – Preparatory Step What’s left?

A

2 molecules of carbon dioxide are produced as waste

BIO 105 (18 decks)

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