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LEC 10 Flashcards

Citric Acid Cycle & Electron Transport System

1
Q

Where does the citric acid cycle happen?

A

in the inner membrane region

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2
Q

For each glucose (started with in Step #1), the citric acid cycle happens _____
One for each ____ ____ that was formed by the ______ of glucose

A
  1. twice
  2. acetyl group
  3. catabolism
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3
Q

Stage #3 - Citric Acid Cycle Step 1 (2)

A

Acetyl CoA delivers acetyl to citric acid cycle
- Acetyl combines with oxaloacetate to make citric acid.

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4
Q

Stage #3 - Citric Acid Cycle Step 2 (3)

A

Citric acid is metabolized
1. A carbon is removed, combines with O2 to make CO2.
2. NAD+ picks up 1 hydrogen and 2 electrons to NADH
3. Remaining molecule is α-ketoglutarate

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5
Q

Stage #3 - Citric Acid Cycle Step 3 (4)

A

α-ketoglutarate is metabolized
1. A carbon is removed, combines with O2 to make CO2.
2. NAD+ picks up 1 hydrogen and 2 electrons to make NADH
3. ADP to ATP
4. Remaining molecule is succinate

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6
Q

Stage #3 - Citric Acid Cycle Step 4 (2)

A

Succinate is metabolized
1. FAD picks up 2 hydrogen and 2 electrons to make FADH2
2. Remaining molecule is fumarate

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7
Q

Stage #3 - Citric Acid Cycle Step 5 (2)

A

Fumarate is metabolized
1. NAD+ picks up 1 hydrogen and 2 electrons to make NADH
2. Remaining molecule is oxaloacetate (which starts the next cycle)

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8
Q

oxaloacetate

A

Combines with Acetyl to make citric acid

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9
Q

citric acid (2)

A

oxaloacetate + Acetyl
metabolized in step 2 of citric acid cycle

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10
Q

α-ketoglutarate (2)

A
  • Left over in step 2 of citric acid cycle
  • metabolized in step 3
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11
Q

succinate (2)

A
  • Left over in step 3 of citric acid cycle
  • metabolized in step 4
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12
Q

fumarate (2)

A
  • Left over in step 4 of citric acid cycle
  • metabolized in step 5
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13
Q

Coenzyme FAD full form

A

Flavin adenine dinucleotide

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14
Q

Becomes FADH2 by picking up: (2)

A
  1. Two (2) high energy H+ ions
  2. Two (2) electrons
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15
Q

What is FADH+ used for?

A

carry these high energy ions to the final stage of energy production

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16
Q

Summary: Stage #3 – Citric Acid Cycle ATP

A

2 molecules produced by substrate level phosphorylation

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17
Q

Summary: Stage #3 – Citric Acid Cycle Coenzyme activity (2)

A
  1. Six NAD+ molecules pick-up 1 hydrogen and 2 electrons each to become 6 molecules of NADH (Go to Stage #4)
  2. Two FAD molecules pick-up 2 hydrogen and 2 electrons each to become 2 molecules of FADH2 (Go to Stage #4)
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18
Q

Summary: Stage #3 – Citric Acid Cycle What’s left?

A
  1. Four molecules of CO2 (waste)
  2. Two molecules of oxaloacetate (used to start the next cycle)
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19
Q

What molecule delivers acetyl to the citric acid cycle?

A

Acetyl CoA

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20
Q

Acetyl combines with ________ to form citric acid.

A

oxaloacetate

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21
Q

What happens to citric acid in the citric acid cycle? (4)

A
  1. A carbon is removed from citric acid
  2. combines with O₂ to form CO₂
  3. NAD+ picks up 1 hydrogen and 2 electrons to form NADH
  4. The remaining molecule is called α-ketoglutarate.
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22
Q

What is the next molecule formed after citric acid is metabolized?

A

α-ketoglutarate.

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23
Q

What happens to α-ketoglutarate in the citric acid cycle? (4)

A
  1. A carbon is removed, combines with O₂ to form CO₂
  2. NAD+ picks up 1 hydrogen and 2 electrons to form NADH. 3. ADP is converted to ATP
  3. The remaining molecule is called succinate.
24
Q

What is the next molecule formed after α-ketoglutarate is metabolized?

25
What happens to succinate in the citric acid cycle? (2)
1. FAD picks up 2 hydrogens and 2 electrons to form FADH₂. 2. The remaining molecule is called fumarate.
26
What is the next molecule formed after succinate is metabolized?
Fumarate
27
What happens to fumarate in the citric acid cycle? (2)
1. NAD+ picks up 1 hydrogen and 2 electrons to form NADH. 2. The remaining molecule is oxaloacetate, which starts the next cycle.
28
Overall Summary: (Stages #1 - #3) (4)
1. Glucose has been completely catabolised 2. Six molecules of CO2 as waste (2 in prep step and 4 in citric acid cycle) 3. Net gain of 4 ATP molecules (2 from glycolysis & 2 from citric acid cycle) 4. xThe rest of the energy i “locked” in the hydrogen ions and electrons that are being moved to Stage #4 by coenzymes NAD+ and FAD
29
Overall Summary: (Stages #1 - #3) How are ATP produced?
Through substrate level phosphorylation
30
How does the Stage #4 – Electron Transport System start?
The NADH & FADH2 (from Stages #1 - #3) drop their H+ and e- in the inner membrane (cristae) of mitochondria
31
Stage #4 – Electron Transport System role of carrier proteins in the membrane (step 2) (3)
NADH & FADH2 release electrons to carrier proteins 1. A carrier protein accepts two high energy electrons and passes them from one protein to next in sequence 2. During the transfer – protein acquires energy from the electron (the electron loses energy) 3. The now energized carrier protein actively transports the H+ ions to the outer membrane region
32
Stage #4 – Electron Transport System Step 3 (2)
- now a high H+ ion concentration in the outer mitochondrial membrane - H+ ions diffuse back into the inner membrane of the mitochondria though ATP synthase
33
ATP synthase
specialized enzyme channels
34
What happens as H+ ions diffuse back inside?
oxidative phosphorylation
35
"oxidative phosphorylation”
Oxidative = requires oxygen and that electrons have been removed Phosphorylation = addition of phosphate group
36
What happens during oxidative phosphorylation?
The energy from the H+ ion catalyzes the synthesis of ATP from ADP + Pi
37
What happens after oxidative phosphorylation? (3)
1. ATP molecules leave the inner compartment 2. Spent H+ ions and electrons will combine with oxygen to form water (a waste product) 3. Low energy NAD+ and FAD co-enzymes are recycled for use again
38
Equation when spent H+ ions and electrons will combine with oxygen to form water (a waste product)
½ O2 + 2H+ + 2 e- = H2O
39
Summary: Stage #4 - Electron Transport Steps Summary (6)
1. H+ ions and electrons are released from co-enzymes in the inner membrane area 2. High energy electrons “power” carrier proteins 3. H+ ions are actively pumped to outer membrane area 4. H+ ions diffuse back into inner membrane via ATP synthase 5. H+ ions catalyze the formation of ATP from inorganic phosphate and ADP 6. Approximately 34 ATP molecules produced
40
Summary: Stage #4 – Electron Transport System ATP
34 molecules produced
41
Summary: Stage #4 – Electron Transport System Coenzyme activity (2)
1. NADH molecules drop off hydrogen and electrons (become NAD+ again and are reused) 2. FADH2 molecules drop off hydrogen and electrons (become FAD again and are reused)
42
Summary: Stage #4 – Electron Transport System What’s left?
6 molecules of water (waste)
43
Summary: Stage #4 – Electron Transport System How are ATP produced?
oxidative phosphorylation
44
Energy Production Recap Products (3)
1. Ten NADH 2. Two FADH2 3. NET GAIN = 36 ATP *38 ATP ((2 used to shuttle NADH (produced in Stage #1) from cytoplasm to Stage #4))*
45
Energy Production Recap Waste (2)
6 CO2 produced 6 H2O produced
46
Other Energy Sources
Glycogen = 1% Fats = 78% Protein = 21%
47
Fat Catabolism will produce about ________ as much ATP vs. ___________
1. twice 2. glycogen
48
How do fats catabolize?
Triglycerides break down into glycerol and fatty acid tails (16-18 carbons each)
49
Glycerol converted into either: Glucose in the ____ = Glycolysis Pyruvate = _________ Step
1. liver 2. Preparatory
50
_____ acids converted into: _______ groups = Citric Acid Cycle
1. Fatty 2. Acetyl
51
Protein Catabolism
Proteins are broken into individual amino acids Amine (NH2 group) are removed = urea and excreted as urine Remaining carbon backbone enters Citric Acid Cycle at various points
52
Catabolism of proteins increases significantly during starvation results in ________ ________
muscle wasting
53
Anaerobic Respiration
The ability to make energy without oxygen (e.g. Glycolysis)
54
What happens to pyruvate in anaerobic respiration? (2)
- pyruvate does not enter the mitochondria - converted into lactic acid
55
What is lactic acid is responsible for?
burning and cramping in muscle tissue when no O2

BIO 105 (18 decks)

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