LEC 4

Question 1

Carbon (describe in 3 points)

Answer 1

1. Building block of all organic molecules
2. Forms COVALENT BONDS
3. 18% of body weight

Question 2

Macromolecules types

Answer 2

Carbs, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

Question 3

Literal meaning of dehydration synthesis ( “De”, “hydrate”, synthesis)

Answer 3

“De” - to remove
“hydrate” - water
synthesis - formation

Question 4

What elements are macros made up of?

Answer 4

Carbon bonds with hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, etc.

Question 5

Step one of dehydration synthesis

Answer 5

Subunits joined together to form larger units

Question 6

Step 2 of dehydration synthesis

Answer 6

When a small molecule is added to the growing chain, H2O is removed

Question 7

Energy needed for dehydration synthesis? Storage where, if needed?

Answer 7

Yes. Stored in bonds between subunits.

Question 8

Literal meaning of hydrolysis( “Hydro”, “lysis”)

Answer 8

“Hydro” - water
“lysis” - to unbind

Question 9

Two steps of hydrolysis

Answer 9

1. Water ADDED to macro
2. Bonds b/w 2 subunits break

Question 10

Energy needed for dehydration synthesis? Storage where, if needed?

Answer 10

Energy RELEASED from bonds b/w subunits

Question 11

Structure of Carbs (2 points)

Answer 11

1. Carbon Backbone
2. Hydrogen + Oxygen (2:1 ratio)

Question 12

Uses of Carbs (2 points)

Answer 12

1. Energy (most living beings)
2. Structural support (mostly plants)

Question 13

Types of Carbs (3 points)

Answer 13

1. monosaccharides
2. oligosaccharides
3. polysaccharides

Question 14

Monosaccharides def (2 points)

Answer 14

simple sugars
“mono” = one

Question 15

Structure of Monosaccharides (1 point)

Answer 15

5 or 6 carbons in a ring structure

Question 16

C:H:O Ratio of Monosaccharides

Answer 16

1:2:1

Question 17

Types of Monosaccharides (4 points)

Answer 17

glucose
fructose
ribose
deoxyribose

Question 18

Disaccharides def (2 points)

Answer 18

two monosaccharides
“di” = two

Question 19

Structure of Disaccharides

Answer 19

2 monosaccharides joined together

Question 20

How are disaccharides formed?

Answer 20

dehydration synthesis

Question 21

Types of Disaccharides (3 points) (table, milk, malt)

Answer 21

Table sugar (sucrose) = glucose + fructose
Milk sugar (lactose) = glucose + galactose
Malt sugar (maltose) = glucose + glucose

Question 22

Oligosaccharides def (3 points)

Answer 22

short sugar chains
a few monosaccharides joined together
“oligo” = a few

Question 23

How are oligosaccharides formed?

Answer 23

dehydration synthesis

Question 24

Oligosaccharides use

Answer 24

Bind to cell membrane proteins to form glycoproteins

Question 25

Glycoprotein def (3 points)

Answer 25

1. Link neighboring cells 2. Cell to cell recognition 3. Cell to cell communication

Question 26

Polysaccharides def (2 points)

Answer 26

complex sugars "poly" = many

Question 27

Structure of Polysaccharides

Answer 27

thousands of monosaccharides joined by dehydration synthesis

Question 27

Polysaccharides uses (2 points)

Answer 27

1. Storing energy (glycogen/starch) 2. Structural purposes (chitin/cellulose)

Question 27

Glycogen

Answer 27

Polysaccharide Animal Energy Storage

Question 27

Starch

Answer 27

Polysaccharide Plant Energy Storage

Question 27

Chitin

Answer 27

Polysaccharide Animal structure

Question 28

Cellulose

Answer 28

Polysaccharide Plant structure

Question 29

Lipids (2 points)

Answer 29

fats insoluble in water

Question 30

Types of Lipids (3)

Answer 30

1. Triglycerides 2. Phospholipids 3. Steroids

Question 31

Triglycerides (2 points)

Answer 31

Neutral fats Source of stored energy

Question 32

Structure of Triglycerides

Answer 32

HEAD (1) : 1 glycerol molecule TAILS (3) : 3 fatty acid heads (chains of hydrocarbons that end with a carboxyl group)

Question 33

Where are triglycerides found?

Answer 33

Adipose Tissue

Question 34

Types of Triglycerides (2)

Answer 34

1. Saturated Fats 2. Unsaturated Fats

Question 35

Structure of Saturated Fats (3 points)

Answer 35

1. 2 hydrogen atoms for each carbon in the tails 2. Straight tails 3. Single C bonds

Question 36

Saturated Fats examples

Answer 36

Butter Bacon Grease

Question 37

State of Saturated Fats at room temp

Answer 37

Solid

Question 38

Unsaturated Fats example

Answer 38

Vegetable oil

Question 39

Structure of Unsaturated Fats (3 points)

Answer 39

1. Less than 2 hydrogen atoms for each carbon in the tails 2. "Kinks" in tails 3. Double C bonds (min 1)

Question 39

Phospholipids

Answer 39

1. Main structural component of cell membranes 2. Modified lipids

Question 40

State of Unsaturated Fats at room temp

Answer 40

Liquid

Question 40

Phospholipids Structure (2 points)

Answer 40

1. 2 fatty acid tails attached to glycerol 2. Negatively charged phosphate group attached (PO4-)

Question 40

Phospholipids SPECIAL PROPERTY (2 points)

Answer 40

1. Phosphate head is polar and hydrophilic 2. Fatty acid tails are non-polar and hydrophobic

Question 41

Steroids

Answer 41

Different from other lipids Mostly insoluble

Question 42

Steroids Structure (2 points)

Answer 42

1. Nucleus: back bone of 3 six-membered carbon rings, 1 five-membered carbon ring 2. Many different side groups attached

Question 43

Steroids Example

Answer 43

Cholesterol