LEC 4 Flashcards
MACROS
Carbon (describe in 3 points)
- Building block of all organic molecules
- Forms COVALENT BONDS
- 18% of body weight
Macromolecules types
Carbs, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids
Literal meaning of dehydration synthesis ( “De”, “hydrate”, synthesis)
“De” - to remove
“hydrate” - water
synthesis - formation
What elements are macros made up of?
Carbon bonds with hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, etc.
Step one of dehydration synthesis
Subunits joined together to form larger units
Step 2 of dehydration synthesis
When a small molecule is added to the growing chain, H2O is removed
Energy needed for dehydration synthesis? Storage where, if needed?
Yes. Stored in bonds between subunits.
Literal meaning of hydrolysis( “Hydro”, “lysis”)
“Hydro” - water
“lysis” - to unbind
Two steps of hydrolysis
- Water ADDED to macro
- Bonds b/w 2 subunits break
Energy needed for dehydration synthesis? Storage where, if needed?
Energy RELEASED from bonds b/w subunits
Structure of Carbs (2 points)
- Carbon Backbone
- Hydrogen + Oxygen (2:1 ratio)
Uses of Carbs (2 points)
- Energy (most living beings)
- Structural support (mostly plants)
Types of Carbs (3 points)
- monosaccharides
- oligosaccharides
- polysaccharides
Monosaccharides def (2 points)
simple sugars
“mono” = one
Structure of Monosaccharides (1 point)
5 or 6 carbons in a ring structure
C:H:O Ratio of Monosaccharides
1:2:1
Types of Monosaccharides (4 points)
glucose
fructose
ribose
deoxyribose
Disaccharides def (2 points)
two monosaccharides
“di” = two
Structure of Disaccharides
2 monosaccharides joined together
How are disaccharides formed?
dehydration synthesis
Types of Disaccharides (3 points) (table, milk, malt)
Table sugar (sucrose) = glucose + fructose
Milk sugar (lactose) = glucose + galactose
Malt sugar (maltose) = glucose + glucose
Oligosaccharides def (3 points)
short sugar chains
a few monosaccharides joined together
“oligo” = a few
How are oligosaccharides formed?
dehydration synthesis
Oligosaccharides use
Bind to cell membrane proteins to form glycoproteins
Glycoprotein def (3 points)
- Link neighboring cells
- Cell to cell recognition
- Cell to cell communication
Polysaccharides def (2 points)
complex sugars
“poly” = many
Structure of Polysaccharides
thousands of monosaccharides joined by dehydration synthesis
Polysaccharides uses (2 points)
- Storing energy (glycogen/starch)
- Structural purposes (chitin/cellulose)
Glycogen
Polysaccharide
Animal Energy Storage
Starch
Polysaccharide
Plant Energy Storage
Chitin
Polysaccharide
Animal structure
Cellulose
Polysaccharide
Plant structure
Lipids (2 points)
fats
insoluble in water
Types of Lipids (3)
- Triglycerides
- Phospholipids
- Steroids
Triglycerides (2 points)
Neutral fats
Source of stored energy
Structure of Triglycerides
HEAD (1) : 1 glycerol molecule
TAILS (3) : 3 fatty acid heads (chains of hydrocarbons that end with a carboxyl group)
Where are triglycerides found?
Adipose Tissue
Types of Triglycerides (2)
- Saturated Fats
- Unsaturated Fats
Structure of Saturated Fats (3 points)
- 2 hydrogen atoms for each carbon in the tails
- Straight tails
- Single C bonds
Saturated Fats examples
Butter
Bacon Grease
State of Saturated Fats at room temp
Solid
Unsaturated Fats example
Vegetable oil
Structure of Unsaturated Fats (3 points)
- Less than 2 hydrogen atoms for each carbon in the tails
- “Kinks” in tails
- Double C bonds (min 1)
Phospholipids
- Main structural component of cell membranes
- Modified lipids
State of Unsaturated Fats at room temp
Liquid
Phospholipids Structure (2 points)
- 2 fatty acid tails attached to glycerol
- Negatively charged phosphate group attached (PO4-)
Phospholipids SPECIAL PROPERTY (2 points)
- Phosphate head is polar and hydrophilic
- Fatty acid tails are non-polar and hydrophobic
Steroids
Different from other lipids
Mostly insoluble
Steroids Structure (2 points)
- Nucleus: back bone of 3 six-membered carbon rings,
1 five-membered carbon ring - Many different side groups attached
Steroids Example
Cholesterol
