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BIO 105 > LEC 4 > Flashcards

LEC 4 Flashcards

MACROS

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1
Q

Carbon (describe in 3 points)

A
  1. Building block of all organic molecules
  2. Forms COVALENT BONDS
  3. 18% of body weight
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2
Q

Macromolecules types

A

Carbs, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

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3
Q

Literal meaning of dehydration synthesis ( “De”, “hydrate”, synthesis)

A

“De” - to remove
“hydrate” - water
synthesis - formation

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4
Q

What elements are macros made up of?

A

Carbon bonds with hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, etc.

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5
Q

Step one of dehydration synthesis

A

Subunits joined together to form larger units

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6
Q

Step 2 of dehydration synthesis

A

When a small molecule is added to the growing chain, H2O is removed

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7
Q

Energy needed for dehydration synthesis? Storage where, if needed?

A

Yes. Stored in bonds between subunits.

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8
Q

Literal meaning of hydrolysis( “Hydro”, “lysis”)

A

“Hydro” - water
“lysis” - to unbind

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9
Q

Two steps of hydrolysis

A
  1. Water ADDED to macro
  2. Bonds b/w 2 subunits break
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10
Q

Energy needed for dehydration synthesis? Storage where, if needed?

A

Energy RELEASED from bonds b/w subunits

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11
Q

Structure of Carbs (2 points)

A
  1. Carbon Backbone
  2. Hydrogen + Oxygen (2:1 ratio)
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12
Q

Uses of Carbs (2 points)

A
  1. Energy (most living beings)
  2. Structural support (mostly plants)
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13
Q

Types of Carbs (3 points)

A
  1. monosaccharides
  2. oligosaccharides
  3. polysaccharides
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14
Q

Monosaccharides def (2 points)

A

simple sugars
“mono” = one

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15
Q

Structure of Monosaccharides (1 point)

A

5 or 6 carbons in a ring structure

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16
Q

C:H:O Ratio of Monosaccharides

A

1:2:1

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17
Q

Types of Monosaccharides (4 points)

A

glucose
fructose
ribose
deoxyribose

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18
Q

Disaccharides def (2 points)

A

two monosaccharides
“di” = two

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19
Q

Structure of Disaccharides

A

2 monosaccharides joined together

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20
Q

How are disaccharides formed?

A

dehydration synthesis

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21
Q

Types of Disaccharides (3 points) (table, milk, malt)

A

Table sugar (sucrose) = glucose + fructose
Milk sugar (lactose) = glucose + galactose
Malt sugar (maltose) = glucose + glucose

22
Q

Oligosaccharides def (3 points)

A

short sugar chains
a few monosaccharides joined together
“oligo” = a few

23
Q

How are oligosaccharides formed?

A

dehydration synthesis

24
Q

Oligosaccharides use

A

Bind to cell membrane proteins to form glycoproteins

25
Q

Glycoprotein def (3 points)

A
  1. Link neighboring cells
  2. Cell to cell recognition
  3. Cell to cell communication
26
Q

Polysaccharides def (2 points)

A

complex sugars
“poly” = many

27
Q

Structure of Polysaccharides

A

thousands of monosaccharides joined by dehydration synthesis

27
Q

Polysaccharides uses (2 points)

A
  1. Storing energy (glycogen/starch)
  2. Structural purposes (chitin/cellulose)
27
Q

Glycogen

A

Polysaccharide
Animal Energy Storage

27
Q

Starch

A

Polysaccharide
Plant Energy Storage

27
Q

Chitin

A

Polysaccharide
Animal structure

28
Q

Cellulose

A

Polysaccharide
Plant structure

29
Q

Lipids (2 points)

A

fats
insoluble in water

30
Q

Types of Lipids (3)

A
  1. Triglycerides
  2. Phospholipids
  3. Steroids
31
Q

Triglycerides (2 points)

A

Neutral fats
Source of stored energy

32
Q

Structure of Triglycerides

A

HEAD (1) : 1 glycerol molecule
TAILS (3) : 3 fatty acid heads (chains of hydrocarbons that end with a carboxyl group)

33
Q

Where are triglycerides found?

A

Adipose Tissue

34
Q

Types of Triglycerides (2)

A
  1. Saturated Fats
  2. Unsaturated Fats
35
Q

Structure of Saturated Fats (3 points)

A
  1. 2 hydrogen atoms for each carbon in the tails
  2. Straight tails
  3. Single C bonds
36
Q

Saturated Fats examples

A

Butter
Bacon Grease

37
Q

State of Saturated Fats at room temp

A

Solid

38
Q

Unsaturated Fats example

A

Vegetable oil

39
Q

Structure of Unsaturated Fats (3 points)

A
  1. Less than 2 hydrogen atoms for each carbon in the tails
  2. “Kinks” in tails
  3. Double C bonds (min 1)
39
Q

Phospholipids

A
  1. Main structural component of cell membranes
  2. Modified lipids
40
Q

State of Unsaturated Fats at room temp

A

Liquid

40
Q

Phospholipids Structure (2 points)

A
  1. 2 fatty acid tails attached to glycerol
  2. Negatively charged phosphate group attached (PO4-)
40
Q

Phospholipids SPECIAL PROPERTY (2 points)

A
  1. Phosphate head is polar and hydrophilic
  2. Fatty acid tails are non-polar and hydrophobic
41
Q

Steroids

A

Different from other lipids
Mostly insoluble

42
Q

Steroids Structure (2 points)

A
  1. Nucleus: back bone of 3 six-membered carbon rings,
    1 five-membered carbon ring
  2. Many different side groups attached
43
Q

Steroids Example

A

Cholesterol

BIO 105 (7 decks)

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