LEC 5

Question 1

Protein

Answer 1

long strings made up of amino acids

Question 2

Amino acids

Answer 2

single units

Question 3

Amino acid structure

Answer 3

1. amino group (-NH3) on one end
2. carboxyl (-COOH) on the other end

Question 4

How many amino acids does our body make?

Answer 4

11 (rest of them (9) needed by diet)

Question 5

How many amino acids are needed by the human body?

Answer 5

20

Question 6

Polypeptide

Answer 6

Groups of 3 to 100 amino acids joined together via dehydration synthesis (b/w EACH amino acid)

Question 7

Polypeptide longer than 100 amino acids?

Answer 7

called a protein

Question 8

Function of proteins in humans (4 points)

Answer 8

1. Structural support
2. Muscle contraction
3. Cell membrane part
4. Enzymes

Question 9

Function of proteins in the cell membrane (2 points)

Answer 9

1. Transmission of info b/w cells
2. transportation of materials in and out

Question 10

Function of proteins in enzymes

Answer 10

regulate rates of biochem reactions

Question 11

Levels of protein structure (4)

Answer 11

Primary
Secondary
Tertiary
Quaternary

Question 11

Primary structure (3 points)

Answer 11

1. Specific order of amino acids
2. Held together by covalent bonds (PEPTIDE BONDS)
3. 3 letter code for each amino acid

Question 12

Secondary structure

Answer 12

How chain is orientated in space

Question 13

Types of secondary structure (2)

Answer 13

1. Alpha Helix
2. Beta - sheet

Question 14

Alpha Helix (2 points)

Answer 14

right-handed spiral
H+ bond b/w amino acids stabilize the structure at regular intervals

Question 15

Beta Sheet

Answer 15

H+ bonds joins two primary sequences side by side

Question 16

Tertiary structure

Answer 16

How the protein twists and folds to form a 3D shape

Question 17

Tertiary structure conditions (3)

Answer 17

1. Amino acids involved
2. Disulfide bonds
3. Polarity of amino acids

Question 18

Quaternary structure conditions (3)

Answer 18

1. More than one polypeptide to make up protein
2. How many protein chains involved
3. How are they associated with each other

Question 19

Enzyme

Answer 19

protein that acts like a biological catalyst

Question 20

Catalysts

Answer 20

speeds up the rate of chem reactions w/o being changed or destroyed

Question 21

How is an enzyme used? (4 steps)

Answer 21

1. Reactants approach enzyme
2. Reactants bind to enzyme
3. Enzyme changes shape
4. Product is released

Question 22

Nucleic Acids

Answer 22

molecules that store genetic info

Question 23

DNA (what sugar?)

Answer 23

nucleic acid made with deoxyribose

Question 24

RNA (what sugar?)

Answer 24

nucleic acid made with ribose

Question 25

DNA purpose

Answer 25

has instructions for producing RNA

Question 26

RNA purpose

Answer 26

has instructions for producing proteins

Question 27

Nucleotides def

Answer 27

smaller subunits that make up RNA and DNA

Question 28

Nucleotides structure (3)

Answer 28

1. Five-carbon sugar
2. One or more phosphate group
3. Base (single or double-ringed structure containing nitrogen)

Question 29

Nucleotides in DNA

Answer 29

adenine
thymine
cytosine
guanine

Question 30

Nucleotides in RNA

Answer 30

adenine
uracil
cytosine
guanine

Question 31

DNA Structure (4)

Answer 31

1. deoxyribose
2. base pairs (A+T and C+G)
3. phosphate groups
4. double stranded

Question 32

DNA Bonds b/w phosphates and sugars

Answer 32

Covalent bonds

Question 33

DNA Bonds b/w the two strands

Answer 33

H+ bonds

Question 34

RNA Structure (3)

Answer 34

1. ribose
2. base pairs (A+U and C+G)
3. shorter than DNA

Question 35

ATP (3)

Answer 35

universal energy source
same as adenine + 2 extra phosphate groups attached
lots of stored energy b/w the bonds of the 3 phosphate groups

Question 36

How is energy released from ATP?

Answer 36

Break the bond b/w the last two phosphates using HYDROLYSIS and release energy