LEC 5 Flashcards

PROTEINS AND NUCLEIC ACIDS

1
Q

Protein

A

long strings made up of amino acids

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2
Q

Amino acids

A

single units

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3
Q

Amino acid structure

A
  1. amino group (-NH3) on one end
  2. carboxyl (-COOH) on the other end
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4
Q

How many amino acids does our body make?

A

11 (rest of them (9) needed by diet)

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5
Q

How many amino acids are needed by the human body?

A

20

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6
Q

Polypeptide

A

Groups of 3 to 100 amino acids joined together via dehydration synthesis (b/w EACH amino acid)

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7
Q

Polypeptide longer than 100 amino acids?

A

called a protein

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8
Q

Function of proteins in humans (4 points)

A
  1. Structural support
  2. Muscle contraction
  3. Cell membrane part
  4. Enzymes
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9
Q

Function of proteins in the cell membrane (2 points)

A
  1. Transmission of info b/w cells
  2. transportation of materials in and out
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10
Q

Function of proteins in enzymes

A

regulate rates of biochem reactions

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11
Q

Levels of protein structure (4)

A

Primary
Secondary
Tertiary
Quaternary

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11
Q

Primary structure (3 points)

A
  1. Specific order of amino acids
  2. Held together by covalent bonds (PEPTIDE BONDS)
  3. 3 letter code for each amino acid
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12
Q

Secondary structure

A

How chain is orientated in space

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13
Q

Types of secondary structure (2)

A
  1. Alpha Helix
  2. Beta - sheet
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14
Q

Alpha Helix (2 points)

A

right-handed spiral
H+ bond b/w amino acids stabilize the structure at regular intervals

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15
Q

Beta Sheet

A

H+ bonds joins two primary sequences side by side

16
Q

Tertiary structure

A

How the protein twists and folds to form a 3D shape

17
Q

Tertiary structure conditions (3)

A
  1. Amino acids involved
  2. Disulfide bonds
  3. Polarity of amino acids
18
Q

Quaternary structure conditions (3)

A
  1. More than one polypeptide to make up protein
  2. How many protein chains involved
  3. How are they associated with each other
19
Q

Enzyme

A

protein that acts like a biological catalyst

20
Q

Catalysts

A

speeds up the rate of chem reactions w/o being changed or destroyed

21
Q

How is an enzyme used? (4 steps)

A
  1. Reactants approach enzyme
  2. Reactants bind to enzyme
  3. Enzyme changes shape
  4. Product is released
22
Q

Nucleic Acids

A

molecules that store genetic info

23
Q

DNA (what sugar?)

A

nucleic acid made with deoxyribose

24
RNA (what sugar?)
nucleic acid made with ribose
25
DNA purpose
has instructions for producing RNA
26
RNA purpose
has instructions for producing proteins
27
Nucleotides def
smaller subunits that make up RNA and DNA
28
Nucleotides structure (3)
1. Five-carbon sugar 2. One or more phosphate group 3. Base (single or double-ringed structure containing nitrogen)
29
Nucleotides in DNA
adenine thymine cytosine guanine
30
Nucleotides in RNA
adenine uracil cytosine guanine
31
DNA Structure (4)
1. deoxyribose 2. base pairs (A+T and C+G) 3. phosphate groups 4. double stranded
32
DNA Bonds b/w phosphates and sugars
Covalent bonds
33
DNA Bonds b/w the two strands
H+ bonds
34
RNA Structure (3)
1. ribose 2. base pairs (A+U and C+G) 3. shorter than DNA
35
ATP (3)
universal energy source same as adenine + 2 extra phosphate groups attached lots of stored energy b/w the bonds of the 3 phosphate groups
36
How is energy released from ATP?
Break the bond b/w the last two phosphates using HYDROLYSIS and release energy