LEC 19 Flashcards

Evidence Supporting Evolution

1
Q

Theory of Evolution

A
  1. Scientific evidence indicates all living organisms on Earth are related

2.Believed that life descended from a single, simple, life-form that existed approximately 3 billion years ago

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2
Q

___________ of life is thought to be a result of __________

A
  1. Diversity
  2. evolution
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3
Q

Evolution three key elements

A
  1. Descent over time
  2. Modification
  3. Unpredictable and natural
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4
Q

Descent over time

A

slow change in populations over generations that makes them different from their ancestors

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5
Q

Modification

A

change in phenotype of a species related to changes to the genes of an organism (mutation) or the reshuffling of genes through meiosis

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6
Q

Unpredictable and natural

A

affected by chance, natural selection, historical events and changing environments

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7
Q

Evidence for Evolution (3)

A
  1. Fossils & fossil record
  2. Comparative anatomy, embryology & biochemistry
  3. Biogeography
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8
Q

Theory of evolution was first proposed in the mid-1800’s by _________ ___________.
Based on _________ and evidence collected and never been any credible evidence to disprove the theory.

A
  1. Charles
  2. Darwin
  3. observation
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9
Q

Evidence: Fossils

A

Preserved remains of organisms

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10
Q

Evidence: Fossils Process (2)

A
  1. Occurs when remnants are covered sooner after death with layers of sediment & volcanic ash
  2. Overtime they become mineralized and leave rock like impressions of hard tissues (bones, teeth etc.)
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11
Q

Evidence: Fossils Details (5)

A

Have fossils for over 200,000 species

Many organisms we will never have information for because no hard tissues

Richest source of information but tends to be incomplete

Determine age by radiometric dating (either K+ or C-14)

Can observe or compare changes over time in an organism

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12
Q

When different organisms share similar anatomical features it is usually because they came from ___________ ancestor.

A

common

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13
Q

Evidence can compare: (3)

A

Anatomical structures
Development of embryos
Biochemical molecules

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14
Q

anatomical structure types (3)

A

Homologous
Analogous
Vestigial

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15
Q

Homologous structures

A

Body structures that share a common ancestor

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16
Q

Homologous structures example

A
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17
Q

Analogous structures

A

Structures that serve the same function but do not arise from a common ancestor

18
Q

Analogous structures example

A

bird and insect wing – both used for flight, however, no physiological similarities exist

19
Q

Vestigial structures

A

Structures that serve little or no function in an organism

Maybe homologous to body parts in other organisms

20
Q

Vestigial structures examples

A

Human tailbone (coccyx) is vestigial remains of a tail
Human appendix was once larger and had more absorption capability. Only has immune functions now.
Muscles for wiggling our ears
Wisdom teeth

21
Q

Evidence: Comparative Embryology

A

Comparing embryos of animals
Early embryonic development is similar among vertebrates

22
Q

All vertebrates develop: (3)

A
  1. Notochord – becomes the core of the intervertebral discs
  2. Somites – series of folds that become bone, muscle & skin
  3. Gill or Pharyngeal arches – become either gills or part of face, middle ear & mouth
23
Q

Comparative Biochemistry

A
  1. Examines similarities between proteins and genes of different species
  2. When two species possess identical or nearly identical biochemical molecules, common ancestry may be indicated
  3. The greater the difference, the further back the divergence is likely to have occurred
24
Q

Evidence: Biogeography

A

Study of the distribution of plants and animals around the world

25
What contributes to a species ability to migrate?
1. Physical barriers may have prevented the spread of plants and animals from one area to another Oceans & mountains prevent movement of some species 2. Environmental conditions may make it impossible for a species to survive Too hot or cold for species to live
26
Continental Drift
Pangea (tectonic plates all joined 200 million years ago) Started to drift and left related groups of organisms isolated from each other. These organisms evolved separately, but along almost parallel lines
27
Evolution is the result of:
Mutations Natural selection Movement of organisms in/out of populations Chance
28
Mutations
Random and rare changes in DNA of an organism May result from replication “errors” and/or epigenetics that get passed on to subsequent generations Give different form and function to the organism An accumulation of mutations may cause one species to diverge into two distinctly different species
29
Theory of Evolution:
Life arose only once, probably in the primordial sea and all life as we know it descended from that early life form
30
Natural Selection
Darwin proposed that individuals with certain traits are more “fit” for their local environment Since they are more “fit” to the area, they are therefore more likely to survive and reproduce (and pass on their “fit” traits to their offspring) Natural selection usually causes beneficial alleles to increase and harmful alleles to decrease in frequency in the gene pool of a population
31
Genetic drift
Random changes in the allele frequency because of chance events More likely to occur in smaller populations (more vulnerable to change) than larger ones
32
Genetic drift causes
Bottleneck effect Founder effect
33
Bottleneck Effect
Major catastrophe occurs and wipes out most of a population Catastrophe has no regard for any previous measure of fitness Remaining individuals may not represent the original population nor the most “fit” genes
34
Founder Effect
A few individuals leave the original group and begin a new population in a different location Environmental change that isolates a small population New gene pool may not be representative of the original population, nor the most “fit” genes
35
Gene Flow
Redistribution of alleles Caused by immigration or emigration Results in mixing of gene pools that may not have otherwise mixed
36
Antigenic Shift
Affects simpler populations (like viruses) Very rapid and dramatic change in a virus Caused when two or more viruses combine or exchange genetic material Forms a new virus with entirely different combination of genes that is potentially more infective than either of the two originals
37
Extinction
Period when the life forms die out/disappears completely At least 5 mass extinctions over last 530 million years
38
Most “recent” period of extinction
end of Cretaceous period Asteroid or comet collided with earth 65 million years ago Thought the collision caused significant global climate change
39
Evolutionary Tree
Used to depict points of divergence between species Shows time, points of extinction and adaptive radiation
40
Adaptive Radiation
New species develop in a relatively short period of time from a single ancestor Shown as numerous branches on an evolutionary tree