Lec 8 - Patterns of Inheritance Flashcards
This diet consists of food obtained by hunting large land mammals and marine mammals
Inuit Diet
U.S. dietary guidelines suggests to consume ___ of calories from fat
35%
Hippocrates suggested that particles called ________ travel from each part of an organism’s body to the egg or sperm and then
“pangeans”
By observing inheritance patterns on ornamental plants, biologists of the early 19th century established that offspring inherit traits from both parents
“blending hypothesis”
Who began the field of genetics, the study of heredity in the 1860s?
Gregor Mendel
Offspring of two different varieties is called?
Hybrid
Mendel choose_____________ that is varieties for which self-fertilization produced offspring identical to parents
True breeding varieties
The true breeding parents are called ? their offspring? the next generation?
P generation, F1, F2
How can two plants of different genotypes for a particular inherited character be identical in phenotype?
Complete dominance
What do you call when the dominant allele completely masks the recessive alllele?
Complete dominance
An individual is heterozygous, Bb for a gene. According to the law of segregation, each gamete formed by this individual will have either B allele or the b allele. Which step process of meiosis is the physical basis for this segregation of alleles?
Anaphase 1
The pea plant phenotypes that Mendel studied appeared in two or three forms All are single gene traits. Many other traits do not appear in distinct forms. Such genes are result of interaction between
multiple genes with environmental interactions
Does environment affect human genes?
Yes, the environment can affect human genes, but it doesn’t change the underlying DNA sequence. While genes provide the blueprint for our traits, environmental factors can influence how those genes are expressed
What do you call when the environment can affect human genes, but it doesn’t change the underlying DNA sequence. While genes provide the blueprint for our traits, environmental factors can influence how those genes are expressed?
Epigenetics
Stress-induced depression represses nerve growth factor (NGF) gene expression through_______
Methylation
Some traits occur in range of small differences that is called _______
continuous variation
Continuous variation can be an outcome of ___________, which is multiple genes affecting a single trait
Polygenic Inheritance
True or False: The more genes and environmental factors that affect a trait, the more continuous its variation
True
Is genotype the only factor that gives rise to phenotype?
No. Phenotype can also change in response to environmental cues. Such cues influence gene expression patterns, which in turn influence traits. The more genes and other factors that influence a trait, the more continuous is its range of variation
What do you call the human genetic analysis?
Pedigree
What is used when analyzing whether a trait is associated with a dominant or a recessive allele whether the allele is on an autosome or a sex chromosome the probability that a trait will recur in future generations of a family or a population
Pedigree
A genetic _________is a rare or uncommon version of a trait.
abnormality
A genetic _________ sooner or later causes medical problems that may be severe often characterized by a specific set of symptoms
disorder
How do we study inheritance patterns in humans?
Inheritance patterns in humans are often studied by tracking genetic abnormalities or disorder through family trees
A dominant allele on an autosome is expressed in people who are __________for it as well as those who are ____________.
heterozygous, homozygous
The mutations cause the receptor, a regulatory molecule that slows bone development, to be overly active
Achondroplasia
A recessive allele on an autosome is expressed only in homozygous people, so traits associated with the allele tend to skip generations
Autosomal Recessive Disorder
What is characterized by an abnormally low level of melanin?
Albinism
What disorders are genetic conditions that are passed down through the X chromosome?
X-linked Recessive Disorders
What is the condition that affects a person’s ability to perceive colors accurately, often caused by a genetic defect in the cones, specialized photoreceptor cells in the retina that are responsible for color vision?
Color blindness
What genetic disorder affects the body’s ability to clot blood? caused by a deficiency in one of the clotting factors, proteins essential for blood clotting.
Hemophilia
How do we know when a trait is associated with an allele on an autosome or a sex chromosome?
Individuals that are heterozygous for an allele inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern have associated trait. The traits tend to appear in every generation. With an autosomal recessive inheritance pattern, only persons homozygous for an allele have associated trait. The trait tend to skip generations. Men who have an X-linked allele have the associated trait, but not all heterozygous women do. Thus, the trait appears more often in men. Men transmit an X-linked allele to their daughters, but not to their sons
