Lec 8 - Patterns of Inheritance

Question 1

This diet consists of food obtained by hunting large land mammals and marine mammals

Answer 1

Inuit Diet

Question 2

U.S. dietary guidelines suggests to consume ___ of calories from fat

Answer 2

35%

Question 3

Hippocrates suggested that particles called ________ travel from each part of an organism’s body to the egg or sperm and then

Answer 3

“pangeans”

Question 4

By observing inheritance patterns on ornamental plants, biologists of the early 19th century established that offspring inherit traits from both parents

Answer 4

“blending hypothesis”

Question 5

Who began the field of genetics, the study of heredity in the 1860s?

Answer 5

Gregor Mendel

Question 6

Offspring of two different varieties is called?

Answer 6

Hybrid

Question 7

Mendel choose_____________ that is varieties for which self-fertilization produced offspring identical to parents

Answer 7

True breeding varieties

Question 8

The true breeding parents are called ? their offspring? the next generation?

Answer 8

P generation, F1, F2

Question 9

How can two plants of different genotypes for a particular inherited character be identical in phenotype?

Answer 9

Complete dominance

Question 10

What do you call when the dominant allele completely masks the recessive alllele?

Answer 10

Complete dominance

Question 11

An individual is heterozygous, Bb for a gene. According to the law of segregation, each gamete formed by this individual will have either B allele or the b allele. Which step process of meiosis is the physical basis for this segregation of alleles?

Answer 11

Anaphase 1

Question 12

The pea plant phenotypes that Mendel studied appeared in two or three forms All are single gene traits. Many other traits do not appear in distinct forms. Such genes are result of interaction between

Answer 12

multiple genes with environmental interactions

Question 13

Does environment affect human genes?

Answer 13

Yes, the environment can affect human genes, but it doesn’t change the underlying DNA sequence. While genes provide the blueprint for our traits, environmental factors can influence how those genes are expressed

Question 14

What do you call when the environment can affect human genes, but it doesn’t change the underlying DNA sequence. While genes provide the blueprint for our traits, environmental factors can influence how those genes are expressed?

Answer 14

Epigenetics

Question 15

Stress-induced depression represses nerve growth factor (NGF) gene expression through_______

Answer 15

Methylation

Question 16

Some traits occur in range of small differences that is called _______

Answer 16

continuous variation

Question 17

Continuous variation can be an outcome of ___________, which is multiple genes affecting a single trait

Answer 17

Polygenic Inheritance

Question 18

True or False: The more genes and environmental factors that affect a trait, the more continuous its variation

Answer 18

True

Question 19

Is genotype the only factor that gives rise to phenotype?

Answer 19

No. Phenotype can also change in response to environmental cues. Such cues influence gene expression patterns, which in turn influence traits. The more genes and other factors that influence a trait, the more continuous is its range of variation

Question 20

What do you call the human genetic analysis?

Answer 20

Pedigree

Question 21

What is used when analyzing whether a trait is associated with a dominant or a recessive allele whether the allele is on an autosome or a sex chromosome the probability that a trait will recur in future generations of a family or a population

Answer 21

Pedigree

Question 22

A genetic _________is a rare or uncommon version of a trait.

Answer 22

abnormality

Question 23

A genetic _________ sooner or later causes medical problems that may be severe often characterized by a specific set of symptoms

Answer 23

disorder

Question 24

How do we study inheritance patterns in humans?

Answer 24

Inheritance patterns in humans are often studied by tracking genetic abnormalities or disorder through family trees

Question 25

A dominant allele on an autosome is expressed in people who are __________for it as well as those who are ____________.

Answer 25

heterozygous, homozygous

Question 26

The mutations cause the receptor, a regulatory molecule that slows bone development, to be overly active

Answer 26

Achondroplasia

Question 27

A recessive allele on an autosome is expressed only in homozygous people, so traits associated with the allele tend to skip generations

Answer 27

Autosomal Recessive Disorder

Question 28

What is characterized by an abnormally low level of melanin?

Answer 28

Albinism

Question 29

What disorders are genetic conditions that are passed down through the X chromosome?

Answer 29

X-linked Recessive Disorders

Question 30

What is the condition that affects a person’s ability to perceive colors accurately, often caused by a genetic defect in the cones, specialized photoreceptor cells in the retina that are responsible for color vision?

Answer 30

Color blindness

Question 31

What genetic disorder affects the body’s ability to clot blood? caused by a deficiency in one of the clotting factors, proteins essential for blood clotting.

Answer 31

Hemophilia

Question 32

How do we know when a trait is associated with an allele on an autosome or a sex chromosome?

Answer 32

Individuals that are heterozygous for an allele inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern have associated trait. The traits tend to appear in every generation. With an autosomal recessive inheritance pattern, only persons homozygous for an allele have associated trait. The trait tend to skip generations. Men who have an X-linked allele have the associated trait, but not all heterozygous women do. Thus, the trait appears more often in men. Men transmit an X-linked allele to their daughters, but not to their sons