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Biology > Lec 7 - Cell Cycle > Flashcards

Lec 7 - Cell Cycle Flashcards

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1
Q

Why is cell reproduction important? (3 main reasons)

A
  1. Development from a fertilized cell
  2. Growth
  3. Repair
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2
Q

What is an integral part of the cell cycle, the life of a cell from formation to its own division?

A

Cell division

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3
Q

a special type of division that can produce sperm and egg cells

A

Meiosis

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4
Q

All the DNA in a cell constitutes the cell’s ______

A

genome

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5
Q

______ can consist of a single DNA molecule (common in prokaryotic cells) or a number of DNA molecules (common in eukaryotic cells

A

genome

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6
Q

Where are the DNA molecules packacged?

A

Chromosomes

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7
Q

Eukaryotic chromosomes consist of ______, a complex of DNA and protein that condenses during cell division

A

chromatin

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8
Q

What cells (non-reproductive cells) have two sets of chromosomes?

A

somatic cells

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9
Q

_______reproductive cells: sperm and eggs have half as many chromosomes as somatic cells

A

gametes

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10
Q

What is the narrow “waist” of the duplicated chromosome, where the two chromatids are most closely attached?

A

centromere

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11
Q

What are the two phases of cell cycle?

A

Mitotic (M) phase (mitosis & cytokinesis) and Interphase (cell growth & copying of chromosomes)

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12
Q

It is about 90% of the cell cycle and can be divided into 3 subphases

A

Interphase

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13
Q

What are the three subphases of interphase ?

A

G1 phase (“first gap”)
S phase (“synthesis”)
G2 phase (“second gap”)

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14
Q

The cell grows during all three phases, but chromosomes are duplicated only during the _____

A

S phase

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15
Q

What are the 5 stages of Mitosis?

A

Prophase
Prometaphase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase

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16
Q

What is a structure made of microtubules that controls chromosome movement during mitosis?

A

mitotic spindle

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17
Q

The spindle includes the ______, the ________ , and the _______

A

centrosomes, the spindle microtubules, and the asters

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18
Q

In animal cells, cytokinesis occurs by a process known as _____, forming a cleavage furrow.

A

cleavage

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19
Q

In animal animal cells, a cleavage furrow is formed during cytokinesis but how about in plant cells?

A

cell plate

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20
Q

Prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) reproduce by a type of cell division called?

A

Binary fission

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21
Q

In this process,
the chromosome replicates (beginning at the origin of replication), and the two daughter chromosomes actively move apart

A

binary fission

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22
Q

It is in this checkpoint that is very important to move to other phases.

A

G1 checkpoint

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23
Q

If the cell does not receive the go-ahead signal from G1, it will exit the cycle, switching into a non-dividing state called?

A

G0 phase

24
Q

What are the two types of regulatory proteins that are involved in cell cycle control?

A

cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks)

25
Q

What is a cyclin-Cdk complex that triggers a cell’s passage past the G2 checkpoint into the M phase?

A

MPF (maturation-promoting factor)

26
Q

Examples of internal and external signals:

A

Internal: kinetochores not attached to spindle microtubules
External: growth factors

27
Q

A clear example of external signals is ____________, in which crowded cells stop dividing

A

density-dependent inhibition

28
Q

Most animal cells also exhibit _________, in which they must be attached to a substratum in order to divide

A

anchorage dependence

29
Q

True or False: Cancer cells exhibit neither density-dependent inhibition nor anchorage dependence

A

True

30
Q

These cells may not need growth factors to grow and divide. They may make their own growth factor
They may convey a growth factor’s signal without the presence of the growth factor They may have an abnormal cell cycle control system

A

Cancer cells

31
Q

A normal cell is converted to a cancerous cell by a process called ________

A

Transformation

32
Q

If abnormal cells remain only at the original site:____

A

Benign tumors

33
Q

If abnormal cells invade surrounding tissues and can metastasize, exporting cancer cells to other parts of the body, where they may form additional tumors

A

Malignant tumors

34
Q

What are the units of heredity, and are made up of segments of DNA?

A

Genes

35
Q

Genes are passed to the next generation via reproductive cells called?

A

Gametes (sperm and eggs)

36
Q

In this type of reproduction, single individual passes genes to its offspring without the fusion of gametes.

A

Asexual reproduction

37
Q

What do you call a group of genetically identical individuals from the same parent?

A

Clone

38
Q

In this type of reproduction, two parents give rise to offspring that have unique combinations of genes inherited from the two parents

A

Sexual reproduction

39
Q

What is the generation-to-
generation sequence of stages in the
reproductive history of an organism?

A

Life cycle

40
Q

What is an ordered display of the pairs of chromosomes from a cell?

A

Karyotype

41
Q

Human somatic cells have how many pairs of chromosomes?

A

23 pairs

42
Q

What determine the sex of the individual, are called X and Y.

A

Sex chromosomes

43
Q

Homologous pair for female and male?

A

Female: X X chromosomes
Male: X Y chromosomes

44
Q

The remaining 22 pairs of chromosomes are called?

A

Autosomes

45
Q

A ______cell (2n) has two sets of chromosomes

A

diploid
2 x 23 = 46

46
Q

What are the two stages of Meiosis?

A

Meiosis I (reductional division)
and
Meiosis II (equational division)

47
Q

In this stage of meiosis, sister chromatids separate

A

Meiosis II (equational division)

48
Q

In this stage of meiosis, homologs pair up and separate, resulting in two haploid daughter cells with replicated chromosomes

A

Meiosis I (reductional division)

49
Q

What reduces the number of chromosomes sets from two (diploid) to one (haploid), producing cells that differ genetically from each other and from the parent cell

A

Meiosis

50
Q

What conserves the number of chromosome sets, producing cells that are genetically identical to the parent cell

A

Mitosis

51
Q

Occurs when the chromosomes fail to separate properly as the cell divides

A

Nondisjunction

52
Q

XXY condition Results mainly from nondisjunction in mother (67%)
Phenotype is tall males. Sterile or nearly so.
Feminized traits (sparse facial hair, somewhat enlarged breasts) Treated with testosterone injections

A

Klinefelter’s Syndrome

53
Q

Trisomy of chromosome 21, Mental impairment and a variety of additional defects

A

Down’s Syndrome

54
Q

Inheritance of only one X (XO) 98% spontaneously aborted. Survivors are short, infertile females. No functional ovaries
Secondary sexual traits reduced May be treated with hormones, surgery

A

Turner’s syndrome

55
Q

What are the sources of genetic variability?

A
  1. Independent assortment
  2. Random fertilization
  3. Crossing-over

Biology (5 decks)

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