JS Mini Quizzes

Question 1

What are the 5 titles of the reports?

Answer 1

JS1 - The nature of evolution and adaptation: resolving the unity-diversity paradox
JS2 - The Mechanisms of Evolution
JS3 - Prokaryote diversity and taxonomy: current status and future challenges
JS4 - Unity in diversity: structural and functional
insights into the ancient partnerships between
plants and fungi
JS5 - Early Animal Evolution: Emerging Views
from Comparative Biology and Geology

Question 2

What are the 4 principles that try to resolve the unity-diversity paradox?

Answer 2

1. Principle of conservation of Critical Consequences
2. The Principle of Unique Assembly
3. The Principle of Genetic Innovation
4. The Principle of Natural Selection

Question 3

What are the subtopics supporting the principle of natural selection?

Answer 3

1. Between-species comparisons of biochemical (usually enzyme) systems along environmental gradients
2. Within-species comparisons of allozymes along environmental gradients
3. Direct demonstration of gene amplification based biochemical adaptation
4. Direct demonstration of allele (structural gene) based biochemical adaptation
5. Indirect evidence for regulatory gene based biochemical adaptations
6. Optimization: indirect evidence for biochemical adaptation

Question 4

________ of molecular genetics states that genetic information flows from DNA to messenger RNA to protein.

Answer 4

Central Dogma

Question 5

What codon serves as a “start” codon to signal the beginning of the messenger-RNA transcript, and UAA, UAG and UGA serve as “stop” codons that signal the end of the transcript and cause the completed protein to be released from the ribosome.

Answer 5

UAG

Question 6

What is considered an error
in the replication of DNA prior to its
translation into protein

Answer 6

Mutation

Question 7

Point mutations that result in the substitution
of an amino acid are called ________
mutations; those that convert the
codon for an amino acid into a “stop”
codon are called _______mutations.

Answer 7

missense, nonsense

Question 8

What do you call point mutations that result in the substitution of one amino acid for another of the same group’ usually lead to subtle changes in the structure and function of a protein.

Answer 8

“conservative” mutations

Question 9

True or False: The forces that give rise to gene mutations
operate at random in the sense that
genetic mutations occur without reference
to their future adaptiveness in the
environment.

Answer 9

True

Question 10

What occur randomly during the replication of DNA molecules? They can be induced by ionizing radiation, elevated temperatures and a variety of chemical reagents or
can arise naturally through other processes.

Answer 10

Point mutations

Question 11

What do you call variant genes that are carried on chromosomes at specific positions termed loci?

Answer 11

Alleles

Question 12

T or F: If all the individuals
in a population are homozygous
for the same allele at a given locus, there
can be no evolution at that locus until a
new allele arises by mutation.

Answer 12

True

Question 13

T or F: The greater the variation stored in a population is, the more readily it is able to adapt to a new environment.

Answer 13

True

Question 14

Such hidden variation can be revealed
by breeding experimental organisms
with their close relatives. When this inbreeding
is done. some of the recessive
alleles that have been concealed in the
heterozygous state will become homozygous
and will then be expressed.

Answer 14

True

Question 15

What is a method for estimating the genetic variation of natural populations by examining the variant proteins manufactured by different individuals.

Answer 15

Gel Electrophoresis

Question 16

The process during meiosis where homologous chromosomes exchange genetic material.

Answer 16

Recombination

Question 17

How does gel electrophoresis works?

Answer 17

1. Tissue samples are prepared to release proteins.
2. These proteins are placed on a gel, and an electric current is applied, causing the proteins to migrate.
3. After the run, specific chemicals reveal the enzyme’s position by creating colored bands.

Question 18

What is a principle stating that in a large, randomly mating population, the frequencies of alleles and genotypes will remain stable across generations if other evolutionary influences are not at play. It provides a baseline for understanding how and why populations evolve.

Answer 18

The Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium

Question 19

A mechanism that maintains genetic diversity where heterozygotes have higher fitness than either homozygote.
It is a scenario where individuals carrying two different alleles (heterozygotes) for a particular trait have higher fitness than those with two identical alleles (homozygotes). This advantage helps maintain both alleles within the population.

Answer 19

Heterozygote superiority

Question 20

A genetic disease caused by a mutation in the hemoglobin gene, leading to the production of abnormal hemoglobin.

Answer 20

Sickle-cell anemia

Question 21

_____ is the evolutionary process where one lineage splits into two or more distinct lineages, leading to the formation of new species. This process is fundamental to the diversity of life we observe.

Answer 21

Speciation

Question 22

_______ occurs when populations of a species become geographically separated, preventing gene flow between them. Over time, the isolated populations can accumulate enough genetic differences to become reproductively isolated, leading to the formation of new species.

Answer 22

Geographical speciation

Question 23

Mechanisms that prevent mating or fertilization between members of different species.

Answer 23

Prezygotic isolating mechanisms

Question 24

Biological barriers that prevent interbreeding between different species, maintaining reproductive isolation.

Answer 24

Reproductive isolating mechanisms