Lec 10 - DNA Technology and Genomics Flashcards
It is based on sequencing by synthesis
Next-Generation Sequencing
________ is used to synthesize a stretch of DNA from a single-stranded template, and the order in which nucleotides are added reveals the sequence
DNA polymerase
What are small circular DNA molecules that replicate separately from the bacterial chromosome?
Plasmids
What involves using bacteria to make multiple copies of a gene
Gene cloning
What is an enzyme that seals the bonds between restriction fragments
DNA ligase
It can produce many copies of a specific target segment of DNA
Polymerase chain reaction, PCR
What combines gel electrophoresis of mRNA followed by hybridization with a probe on a membrane
Northern Blotting
What is quicker and more sensitive because it requires less mRNA than Northern blotting
Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR)
What is added to mRNA to make cDNA, which serves as a template for PCR amplification of the gene of interest
Reverse transcriptase
_______ uses fluorescent dyes attached to probes to identify the location of specific mRNAs in place in the intact organism
In situ hybridization
Using in ________________ mutations are introduced into a cloned gene, altering or destroying its function
vitro mutagenesis,
Gene expression can also be silenced using ____________
RNA interference (RNAi)
Genetic markers called ________________occur on average every 100–300 base pairs
SNPs (single nucleotide polymorphisms)
In _____________, the nucleus of an unfertilized egg cell or zygote is replaced with the nucleus of a differentiated cell
Nuclear transplantation
It is a relatively unspecialized cell that can reproduce itself indefinitely and differentiate into specialized cells of one or more types
Stem cell
It is the alteration of an afflicted individual’s genes
Gene therapy
_______ animals are made by
introducing genes from one species into the genome of another animal
Transgenic
What is the most commonly used vector for introducing new genes into plant cells?
Ti plasmid
These genetic markers are variations in the number of repeats of specific DNA sequences
Short tandem repeats (STRs)
The drug ________ is a small molecule that inhibits overexpression of a specific leukemia-causing receptor
imatinib
This therapy holds great potential for treating disorders traceable to a single defective gene
Human Gene Therapy
What do you call the transformed cells when researchers can transform skin cells into ES cells by using viruses to introduce stem cell master regulatory genes?
iPS cells (induced pluripotent cells)
What do you call stem cells isolated from early embryos at the blastocyst stage?
Embryonic stem (ES) cells
A type of cell is one that can generate a complete new organism ?
Totipotent cell
One way to determine function is to_______ and _____
disable the the gene and observe the consequences
What serves as a template for PCR amplification of the gene of interest
cDNA (Copy DNA)
Changes in the expression of a gene during embryonic development can be tested using what two ways:
Northern Blotting
Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction
What are the three step cycle that brings about a chain reaction that produces an exponentially growing population of identical DNA molecules?
Heating, Cooling, Replication
The key to PCR is an unusual, heat-stable DNA polymerase called _______
Taq Polymerase
Bacterial ___________ cut DNA molecules at specific DNA sequences called _______
restriction enzymes; restriction sites
A restriction enzyme usually makes many cuts, yielding _________
restriction fragments
The most useful restriction enzymes cut DNA in a staggered way, producing fragments with________
“sticky ends”
In this process, relatively short DNA fragments can be sequenced by the dideoxy chain termination method, the first automated method to be employed
DNA Sequencing
