Lec 10 - DNA Technology and Genomics

Question 1

It is based on sequencing by synthesis

Answer 1

Next-Generation Sequencing

Question 2

________ is used to synthesize a stretch of DNA from a single-stranded template, and the order in which nucleotides are added reveals the sequence

Answer 2

DNA polymerase

Question 3

What are small circular DNA molecules that replicate separately from the bacterial chromosome?

Answer 3

Plasmids

Question 4

What involves using bacteria to make multiple copies of a gene

Answer 4

Gene cloning

Question 5

What is an enzyme that seals the bonds between restriction fragments

Answer 5

DNA ligase

Question 6

It can produce many copies of a specific target segment of DNA

Answer 6

Polymerase chain reaction, PCR

Question 7

What combines gel electrophoresis of mRNA followed by hybridization with a probe on a membrane

Answer 7

Northern Blotting

Question 8

What is quicker and more sensitive because it requires less mRNA than Northern blotting

Answer 8

Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR)

Question 9

What is added to mRNA to make cDNA, which serves as a template for PCR amplification of the gene of interest

Answer 9

Reverse transcriptase

Question 10

_______ uses fluorescent dyes attached to probes to identify the location of specific mRNAs in place in the intact organism

Answer 10

In situ hybridization

Question 11

Using in ________________ mutations are introduced into a cloned gene, altering or destroying its function

Answer 11

vitro mutagenesis,

Question 12

Gene expression can also be silenced using ____________

Answer 12

RNA interference (RNAi)

Question 13

Genetic markers called ________________occur on average every 100–300 base pairs

Answer 13

SNPs (single nucleotide polymorphisms)

Question 14

In _____________, the nucleus of an unfertilized egg cell or zygote is replaced with the nucleus of a differentiated cell

Answer 14

Nuclear transplantation

Question 15

It is a relatively unspecialized cell that can reproduce itself indefinitely and differentiate into specialized cells of one or more types

Answer 15

Stem cell

Question 16

It is the alteration of an afflicted individual’s genes

Answer 16

Gene therapy

Question 17

_______ animals are made by
introducing genes from one species into the genome of another animal

Answer 17

Transgenic

Question 18

What is the most commonly used vector for introducing new genes into plant cells?

Answer 18

Ti plasmid

Question 19

These genetic markers are variations in the number of repeats of specific DNA sequences

Answer 19

Short tandem repeats (STRs)

Question 20

The drug ________ is a small molecule that inhibits overexpression of a specific leukemia-causing receptor

Answer 20

imatinib

Question 21

This therapy holds great potential for treating disorders traceable to a single defective gene

Answer 21

Human Gene Therapy

Question 22

What do you call the transformed cells when researchers can transform skin cells into ES cells by using viruses to introduce stem cell master regulatory genes?

Answer 22

iPS cells (induced pluripotent cells)

Question 23

What do you call stem cells isolated from early embryos at the blastocyst stage?

Answer 23

Embryonic stem (ES) cells

Question 24

A type of cell is one that can generate a complete new organism ?

Answer 24

Totipotent cell

Question 25

One way to determine function is to_______ and _____

Answer 25

disable the the gene and observe the consequences

Question 26

What serves as a template for PCR amplification of the gene of interest

Answer 26

cDNA (Copy DNA)

Question 27

Changes in the expression of a gene during embryonic development can be tested using what two ways:

Answer 27

Northern Blotting
Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction

Question 28

What are the three step cycle that brings about a chain reaction that produces an exponentially growing population of identical DNA molecules?

Answer 28

Heating, Cooling, Replication

Question 29

The key to PCR is an unusual, heat-stable DNA polymerase called _______

Answer 29

Taq Polymerase

Question 30

Bacterial ___________ cut DNA molecules at specific DNA sequences called _______

Answer 30

restriction enzymes; restriction sites

Question 31

A restriction enzyme usually makes many cuts, yielding _________

Answer 31

restriction fragments

Question 32

The most useful restriction enzymes cut DNA in a staggered way, producing fragments with________

Answer 32

“sticky ends”

Question 33

In this process, relatively short DNA fragments can be sequenced by the dideoxy chain termination method, the first automated method to be employed

Answer 33

DNA Sequencing