Lec 62-64 Nutrition Flashcards
how many kcal/g do dietary carbohydrates provide for humans?
4 kcal/g
excess carbohydrates are converted to (2 things)
glycogen
triacylglyceol (TAG)
glucose, fructose, and galactose are
a. monosaccharides
b. disaccharides
c. polysaccharides
d. oligosaccharides
a. monosaccharides
sucrose, lactose, and maltose are
a. monosaccharides
b. disaccharides
c. polysaccharides
d. oligosaccharides
b. disaccharides
what is the complex carb in animals?
glycogen
what is the complex carb in plants? (2 of them)
starch and fiber
what is the most abundant carbohydrate in nature?
cellulose
true or false: simple carbohydrates include mono and disaccharides
true
fructose does not cause as great a rise in blood glucose as other sugars, but causes in increase in blood ____
a. proteins
b. lipids
c. cells
d. coagulation
b. lipids
a-amylase hydrolyzes starch and glycogen into what 2 things?
maltose and maltotriose
maltase converts maltose and maltotriose into ?
glucose
sucrase converts sucrose into glucose and _____
fructose
lactase converts lactose into glucose and _____
galactose
only _____ are absorbed in the body
a. monsaccharides
b. disaccharides
c. polysaccharides
a. monosaccharides
true or false: bacterial contribution of indigestible carbohydrates results in production of long-chain fatty acids, lactate, H2, CH4, and CO2
false
(short-chain fatty acids)
raffinose is a _____ in leguminous seeds (beans and peas)
a. monosaccharide
b. oligosaccharide
c. polysaccharide
d. disaccharide
b. oligosaccharide
true or false: raffinose can be hydrolyzed by human enzymes
false
what is glycemic index?
measure of how quickly individual foods will raise blood glucose level
true or false: fiber slows down blood glucose
true
dietary fibers cellulose and hemicellulose do what? (2 things)
-increase stool bulk
-decrease intestinal transit time
lignin binds what two things?
cholesterol and carcinogens
pectin function (2 things)
-dec rate of sugar uptake
-dec serum cholesterol
lipids in our diet provide how many kcal/g of energy?
9 kcal/g
_____ is > 90% of dietary fat
triacylglycerol
which is an omega 3 fatty acid? (2)
a. linoleic acid
b. arachidonic acid
c. a-linolenic acid
d. docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)
c. a-linolenic acid
d. docasohexaenoic acid (DHA)
essential fatty acids are used to synthesize ______ in the body
eicosanoids
which type of fatty acid has a higher melting point?
a. cis
b. trans
b. trans
fats are solubilized by ___ ___
bile acids
gastric and pancreatic _____ hydrolyze TAG to fatty acids and monoacylglycerol
lipases
what enzyme hydrolyzes monoacylglycerol and cholesterol ester?
esterase
______ deliver lipid to peripheral tissues directly
chylomicrons
true or false: the brain uses fat as energy source
false
when starved, the liver converts fatty acids to _____ _____ which are used as energy source by brain and muscle
ketone bodies
3 ketone bodies
acetone
acetoacetic acid
B-hydroxybutyric acid
what % of human body weight are each of these: water, protein, fat, and other?
water 65%
protein 20%
fat 12%
other 3%
if you have a negative nitrogen balance, it means you have an inadequate dietary intake of _____
protein
if we are missing essential amino acids, _____ nitrogen balance occurs
negative
what is the energy content of protein in kcal/g?
4 kcal/g
in a well-fed state, _____ is released
insulin
in the early fasting state, _____ is released
glucagon
inadequate intake of both protein and energy
a. Kwashiorkor
b. Marasmus
b. Marasmus
inadequate intake of protein with adequate energy intake
a. Kwashiorkor
b. Marasmus
a. Kwashiorkor
what is the estimated average requirement (EAR)?
amount of nutrient estimated to meet the need of 50% of the healthy individuals in an age and gender group
the recommended dietary allowance is ___ standard deviations about the EAR
2
what is the tolerable upper intake level?
max level of daily intake of a nutrient without any health risk
which vitamins are fat-soluble?
vitamins A, D, E, K
which vitamins are water-soluble?
vitamin B and C
vitamin B1
thiamin
vitamin B2
riboflavin
vitamin B3
niacin
vitamin B5
pantothenic acid
vitamin B6
pyridoxine
vitamin B7
biotin
vitamin B9
folic acid
vitamin B12
cobalamin
night blindness can be caused by deficiency of which vitamin?
vitamin A
vitamin A is produced
a. photochemically from the skin
b. from carotenoids
b. from carotenoids
