lec 5

Question 1

types of everyday social influence

Answer 1

3

1= social influence
2= reciprocity
3= commitment

Question 2

define

social influence =

Answer 2

ways in which people are ‘manipulated’ by others in everyday situations

Question 3

define reciprocity =

Answer 3

3

1= powerful expectation of reciprocity dictates that we treat others as they have treated us = obligation**** 
present given (obligated to give them a present)

2= this expectation is relatively short-lived, but is powerful in face to face situation

3= takes us back to persuasion and negative affect reciprocity

Question 4

negative affect reciprocity

Answer 4

pattern of negative behaviours

Question 5

define group =

Answer 5

collection of persons whose actions influence other group members

Question 6

__ issues that influence group behaviour

Answer 6

3

1= norms
2= status
3= roles

Question 7

define norm=

Answer 7

1 of 3 issues

= refer to standards of behaviour (explicit or implicit)

Question 8

define status =

Answer 8

1 of 3 issues that influence group behaviour

= reflects the power a person holds

Question 9

define role=

Answer 9

1 of 3 issues that influence group behaviour

= reflect shared expectations about how group members are to behave

Question 10

__ types of group social influences

Answer 10

2

1= social facilitation
2= social loafing

Question 11

define social facilitation

Answer 11

presence of other people helps (dominant or well learnt) or hindrs (unfamiliar, new) individual performance

line experiment

Question 12

define social loafing

Answer 12

individuals exert less effort when in a group

Question 13

triplett cycling

Answer 13

children in the fishing line
= competition

cast fishing line out far

Question 14

group polarisation=

group cohesivness =

group think=

Answer 14

disparity, feel like they need to pick a side even thoug their opinion is inbetween ( feeling obliged to pick an extreme)

cohesivenss= forces that are exerted on a group that push its members closer together

cohesiveness and group performance are causaly related

Question 15

group decision making is characterised by

Answer 15

group polarisation, group cohesiveness and groupthink

Question 16

peoples role in a group can be

Answer 16

formal or informal

group of friends
informal = leader (no one voted)

formal role of secretary in a school club

Question 17

types of fundamental types of roles=

Answer 17

2

1= instrumental
2= expressive

Question 18

secretary role ___ type of role

Answer 18

instrumental

= meeting minutes

Question 19

expressive =

Answer 19

friend people turn to for emotional support

Question 20

group norms =

Answer 20

sporting group

diet

Question 21

cohesiveness and group performance are ___ related

Answer 21

causally

Question 22

social facilitation

Answer 22

may not always occur

Question 23

Zajonc solution

Answer 23

social facilitation is influence by the presence of another person/member of the same species ==> increased arousal ====> strengthen dominant response

==> 2

1= easy task
correct response performance enhancement

2= difficult task
incorrect response performance impaired

Question 24

reason for the occurance of social facilitation=

Answer 24

3

1= zajonc’s mere presenec theory (the zajonc solution)

2= evaluation apprehension theory

3= distraction conflict theory

Question 25

evaluation apprehension theory=

Answer 25

2

1=someone must be in position to evaluate performance

2= stereotype threat revisited

Question 26

distraction conflict theory =

Answer 26

2

1= attentional conflict between focusing on task and inspecting the distracting stimulus creates arousal

2= maintains there is nothing uniquely social about “social” facilitation

Question 27

social loafing = many produce less

Answer 27

ringlemann individual output declines on combined asks

social loafing = a group produced reduction in individual output on easy tasks in which contributions are pooled

e.g cheering

Question 28

social loafing is less likely to occur when =

Answer 28

their own performances can be identified and thus evaluated, by themselves/by others

= task = important/meaningful to those performing

= people believe their own efforts are necessart for a successful outcome

= group expects to be punished for poor performance

= group small

= group cohesive

Question 29

define altruism =

Answer 29

intentional behaviours that benefit another person:

1= behaviours which have no obvious gain for the provider

2= behaviours which have obvious costs for the provider e.g time, resource

Question 30

evidenc on the effects of diversity on groups =

Answer 30

mixed