lec 4

Question 1

basic human motive =

Answer 1

need to belong

we care deeply about what others think of us = to be accepted into society

Question 2

those with a network of close social ties

Answer 2

subjective

tend to be happier, healthier, and more satisfied with life than those who are more isolated

= sense of having people that care about you
= have positive practical sense of care
= nurtuing emotional health

Question 3

loneliness = +

Answer 3

18-30 age group in western societies
next loneliness = older age ( male > female)

feeling of deprivation about social relations

most likely to occur during times of transition/disruption
(moving out, entering workplace, university life, etc)

= risk factor for various mental and physical health problems

= employ various strategies to combat loneliness such as 3
1= distraction = Netflix, work, alcohol
2=additional efforts in other area
3= new ways to meet people

Question 4

__common strategies to combat loneliness

Answer 4

3

1= distraction= Netflix, work, alcohol
2= additional efforts in other area (form of distraction) = might work harder, 
3= new ways to meet people

Question 5

attraction

Answer 5

= attracted to others with whom a relationship is directly/indirectly rewarding

(social groups, bolster one’s self-esteem, physical)

entering a relationship= confirmation bias => they are as good as

all humans exhibit patterns of attraction and mate selection that favour the conception, birth, and survival of their offspring.=> evolutionary perspective

we react more favourably to others who are physically attractive than to those who are not

bias for beauty is pervasive = though there are exceptions => symmetrical (normal and healthy)

Question 6

symmetrical faces signify =

Answer 6

healthy

more attractive

Question 7

people who are physically attractive are happier and have higher self-esteem than people of average appearance = true / false

Answer 7

false

Question 8

good looking people have more =

is the physical attractiveness stereotype accurate?

Answer 8

friends
better social skills
more active sex life

aren’t more intelligent
personality, adjustment, self-esteem

attractive peopple are under more pressure to maintain appearance potentially leading to eating disorders ; may have difficulty adjusting to aging; have to decide on the motives of others and trust others less.

attractiveness in youth is not related to later happiness

Question 9

__ factors of interpersonal attraction

Answer 9

we like/love those who

1= are physically close to us (high interaction accessibility) =>
proximity

2= provide interpersonal reward (humour, wit, charm, goods)=>
social exchange theories

men = young, looks
women = powerful, rich

= share our attutides, values, and interests (similarity principle)

2

1= relate to both romantic relationships and friendships
2= on-line and social media sites allows large scale sharing of personal information

of the same level of physial attractiveness : matching hypothesis

Question 10

we believe that people who are physically close. familiar to us have

Answer 10

similar views, beliefs

who like us

Question 11

‘opposites attract’ =

Answer 11

might be opposites superficially but have similar values, beliefs etc..

Question 12

love define =

Answer 12

enduring interpersonal bond = is changeable

distinction made between :
2

1= passionate Love=, emotional, intense physiological arousal
2= companionate love=, deep affection, friendship and emotional intimacy

Question 13

sternberg’s triangular theory of love =

Answer 13

3

intimacy
passion
commitment

Question 14

intimacy + commitment

Answer 14

companionate love

bff

Question 15

intimacy + passion

Answer 15

romantic love

partner

Question 16

passion + commitment

Answer 16

faluous love

struggle with emotional engagement

Question 17

passionate and companionate love in a long-term

Answer 17

passionate love drops significantly in first few years

companionate love increases over years = might start off low

Question 18

evolutionary views of love, sexual strategies in male and females

Answer 18

males:
(create kids)

1= short-term : seek young fertile fenake
2= long-term : seek committed relationship with sexual access
3= men prefer young females

females:
(take care of kids)

1= use short-term liaisons to assess and attract males
2= women will prefer older males with resources
(good opportunities, shelter for children)

Question 19

relationship issues: sexuality

Answer 19

kinsey’s groundbreaking research during 1940s

problems with studying sexual activities
=> limitations of self-reports
=> what does it mean to “have sex”
=> leading questions (feeling obliged to answer X)

Question 20

relationship issues: sexuality

Answer 20

kinsey’s groundbreaking research during 1940s

Problems with studying sexual activities
=> limitations of self-reports
=> what does it mean to "have sex"
=> leading questions (feeling obliged to answer X)
=> venues (labs, bars,)
=> young, white, middle class

17,000 interviews, + observations

Men view the world in more “sexualised” terms
e.g eye contact, touching

Gender differences in self-report surveys about sexual attitudes and behaviours

Question 21

Problems with studying sexual activities=

Answer 21

5

=> limitations of self-reports
=> what does it mean to "have sex"
=> leading questions (feeling obliged to answer X)
=> venues (labs, bars,)
=> young, white, middle class

Question 22

LGBTQ+

large scale surveys suggest that ___ exclusively heterosexual

__ men => exclusively gay
__female => exclusively lesbian

Answer 22

92%

3-4 gay
1-2 lesbian

Question 23

incidence of homosexual behaviour varies with

Answer 23

generations and among cultures

Question 24

same sex and diff sec relationships =

Answer 24

overall similar except
2
1= gay people more likely to stay friends with ex
2= share housework more evenly

Question 25

scientific evidence of a biological disposition; ____ psychological process

Answer 25

poss

people change preferences, esp women

Question 26

maintaining relationships =

Answer 26

form and dissolve over time

requires:
4

1= evaluation of the costs/benefits of staying in the relationship; investment and commitment

2=overlooking your partner’s faults (and hoping that they reciprocate)

3= undervaluing the attractivness of other potential partners

4= avoiding cycles of negative reciprocity

Question 27

1= evaluation of the cost/benefits of staying in the relationship; investment and commitment

Answer 27

the longer you’ve put in to the relationship = the more effort you’ll put in to make it work

Question 28

positive reciprocity =

Answer 28

if you’re nice, kind etc then partner will reciprocate the positive act

cycle

Question 29

negative reciprocity=

Answer 29

negative => partner =>negative => you

cycle

Question 30

relationship issues: communication and conflict=

Answer 30

communication patterns in troubled relationships:
1=negative affect reciprocity
2= demand/withdrawal interaction pattern

women = talk about emotions/

male = demand/withdrawn => pattern of frustration for both

basic approaches to reducing the negative effects of conflicts:
=increase rewarding behaviour in other aspects of a relationship
=try to understand the other’s POV

attributions and quality of relationships
=happy couples tend to make relatonship-enhancing attributes ( i love it when you do X)
= unhappy couples (I hate it when you do X)

Question 31

relationship issues: breaking up

Answer 31

a relationship is likely to be long-lasting when the couple:
=has incorporated each other into one’s self and identity
=has become interdependent and have invested much into the relationship

(good and bad)

but these factors intensify stress and make coping more difficult after the relationship ends

Question 32

friendzone =

celebrity crushes =

Answer 32

friendzone = you will stop being attracted to them= short-lived

celebrity = evolution = letting you’ try’ it out without getting hurt…

Question 33

the specific nature of the stereotype also depends on ___ of what is ___

Answer 33

cultural conceptions

good

Question 34

romantic love as attachment =

Answer 34

4

1= share several features with attachment styles in infancy

2=attachment evident in adults under stress