lec 3 done

Question 1

define cognitive dissonance=

Answer 1

= perceived discrepancy between an attitude and a behaviour that results in a state of tension similar to anxety

Question 2

cognitive dissonance motivates the individual to reduce tension by=

Answer 2

3

1= changing behaviour
2=changing attitude
3= changing perception of the inconsistent information

Question 3

cognitive dissonance theory =

Answer 3

the classic version
3

1= inconsistent cognitions arouse psychological tension that people become motivated to reduce

2= can lead to irrational and sometimes maladaptive behaviour

3=reducing cognitive dissonance

Question 4

persuation 2 routes

Answer 4

1= central = logic
2= peripheral = superficial

Question 5

define

social cognition=

Answer 5

the processes by which people make sense of themselves, others, social interactions, and relationships

Question 6

use of cognitive models

Answer 6

to understand social phenomena

2 +
1= schemas as organising principles
2= connectionist models and parallel processing

Question 7

_______ as organising principles

Answer 7

schemas

Question 8

define identity =

Answer 8

perceptions of self that are largely influenced by social cognition that vary according to context

Question 9

identity encompasses=

Answer 9

3

1= social and cultural identity
2= personal experiences within social and cultural environments
3=roles held in everyday life

Question 10

_____ can occur when identities clash/overlap

Answer 10

dissonance

e.g working mother

Question 11

perceiving other people =

Answer 11

5
1=1st impressions
2=schema
3=sterotypes
4=prejudice
5=attribution

Question 12

e.g of role and membership

Answer 12

role = father
membership = student

can overlap

Question 13

define

first impressions=

Answer 13

1 of 5 perceiving other people

Halo effect = tendency to assume that positive qualities cluster together

Question 14

define schemas=

Answer 14

patterns of though that organise our experiences/knowledge

= allow us to enter new situations with an idea of how we and others are to act

4 types of schemas:
1= person 
2= situation
3= role
4=relationship

Question 15

define person schemas=

Answer 15

1 of 4 types of schemas

= represent specific types of people

e.g librarians
extroverts
students

Question 16

define

situational schemas =

Answer 16

1 of 4 schemas

represent diff social situations

formal vs informal

Question 17

techniques of cognitive dissonance theory =

Answer 17

4

1= change your attitude
2=change perception of behaviour
3=add consonant cognitions
4=minimize the importance of the conflict
5=reduce perceived choice

Question 18

change your attitude

chocolate mousse

Answer 18

I don’t need to be on a diet

Question 19

change your perception of behaviour =

Answer 19

i hardly ate any chocolate mousse

Question 20

add consonat cognitions

Answer 20

chocolate mousse is very nutritious

Question 21

minimise the importance of the conflict

Answer 21

i don’t care if i’m overweight- life is short

Question 22

reduce perceived choice

Answer 22

i had no choice; the mousse was prepared for this special occasion

Question 23

define

role schemas =

Answer 23

represent expectations for social roles

e.g student
professor
parent

Question 24

define

relationship schemas=

Answer 24

represent expectations about self and others in unique relationships

e.g siblings, couples

Question 25

schemas allow us to enter new situations with an idea of =

Answer 25

how we and others are to act

Question 26

heuristic =

Answer 26

'rule of thumb' expectation

Question 27

schemas can be __ and prone to ___ =

Answer 27

rigid error 3 1= sterotypes 2=prejudice 3=discrimination

Question 28

define | stereotypes

Answer 28

a schema that represents characteristics that are assigned to persons based on their membership in a specific group not always negative are often simplistic

Question 29

define | prejudice

Answer 29

a schema which involved judging others based on a stereotype

Question 30

define | discrimination

Answer 30

a schema in which one acts negatively toward a person

Question 31

____ may form even before you meet them =

Answer 31

first impressions confirmation bias primed to see those characteristics before even meeting... primed to view X in a particular way interpret that way to fit their first impression tend to hang on to them

Question 32

___ are not always negative

Answer 32

stereotypes

Question 33

ways in which stereotypes can form =m

Answer 33

social categorisation

Question 34

define | social categorisation =

Answer 34

the classification of people into groups on the basis of common attributes = help us form impressions quickly and use past experiences to guide new interactions

Question 35

serious drawbacks of social categorisation=

Answer 35

by categorising people we often 2 1= overestimate the diff between groups 2=underestimate the diff within groups

Question 36

roots of racism may lie in ___ + detail =

Answer 36

personality the authoritarian personality = includes the tendency to hate people who are different = this personality type is associated with a dominant, stern father and a submissive mother

Question 37

explicit racism involves

Answer 37

the conscious use of stereotypes and the expression of prejudice

Question 38

implicit racism =

Answer 38

unconscious influence of stereotypes toward members of a racial group

Question 39

in ambigious racism situations =

Answer 39

X tend to be less helpful toward Y than other Xs. Believe in stiffer legal penalties for Y

Question 40

in-groups vs out-groups

Answer 40

2 1=strong tendency to divide people into in-groups and out-groups 2=exaggerate diff between in-groups and other out-groups

Question 41

accentuation effect=

Answer 41

out-group homogeneity effect

Question 42

simplistic =

Answer 42

over simplified stereotypes are often oversimplified

Question 43

prejudice reflects ____ from parent to child

Answer 43

socialisation processes e.g in australia children from minority and majority subcultures express preferences toward the majority culture by the preschool years

Question 44

prejudice functional=

Answer 44

the notion that prejudice preserves the interests of the dominant classes

Question 45

how do stereotypes survive =

Answer 45

1) illusory correlations | 2) confirmation biases

Question 46

describe illusory correlations

Answer 46

4 1= the tendency for people to overestimate the link between variables that are only slghtly/not at all correlated 2= tend to overestimate the association between variables when = A the variables are distinctive B the variables are already expected to go together 3= fundamental attribution error 4= if expectations are violated, more likely to consider situational factors, but seen as unsual: luck, 'providing the rule'

Question 47

confirmation biases =

Answer 47

stereotypes are often maintained and strengthened through confirmation biases stereotypes can cause a perceiver to act in such a way that the stereotyped group member really does behave in a stereotype - confirming way the stereotype creates a "self-fulfilling prophecy"

Question 48

we consider ourselves to be in the in/out group

Answer 48

in-group we tend to believe the group we are in are volster ourselves ``` 1= we're great 2= we're not as bad as 'them' ```

Question 49

homogeneity =

Answer 49

all 'those' people are not as good as us

Question 50

automatic stereotype activation: important factors that make automatic activation more/less likely

Answer 50

4 diff factors 1=cognitive factors 2=cultural factors 3=motivational 4= personal

Question 51

in-group vs out-group hostility=

Answer 51

persons who belong to your group/not persons in outgroup = perceived as more similar than they really are = positive actions of ^ explained away while negative behaviours are attributed to internal causes

Question 52

reduced intergroup hostility (Sherif)

Answer 52

reducing hostility requires contact and cooperation among the group members, superordinate goals

Question 53

self-fulfilling prophecy =

Answer 53

teacher Jimmy, johnny Jimmy prophecy = naughty child

Question 54

why do gender stereotypes endure?

Answer 54

the same mechanisms that let stereotypes in general endure apply to perceptions of gender. e.g illusory correlations biased attributions confirmation biases self-fulfilling prophecies But, gender stereotypes are distinct in that they are prescriptive rather than merely descriptive

Question 55

gender stereotypes are distinctive in that they =

Answer 55

are prescriptive rather than merely descriptve. They indicate what should be. sociocultural factors foster male-female distinctions in many ways media depictions can influence viewers, even without their realizing it

Question 56

define attribution =

Answer 56

the process of inferring the causes of mental states and behaviours of yourself and others 3 types 1= consensus 2=consistency 3=distinctiveness

Question 57

we are 'intuitive scientists' =

Answer 57

external and internal attributions external = behaviour due to situation e.g the boss yelled at me because his taxes aren't done internal = behaviour reflects the person e.g boss yells at everyone because he is a hostile person

Question 58

define consensus =

Answer 58

1 of 3 types of attributions = if many people behave the same way, you are likey to make an external attribution

Question 59

define | consistency=

Answer 59

1 of 3 if behaviour is consistent, you are likely to make an internal attribution

Question 60

media depictions can influence viewers ( sexism ads ) true/false?

Answer 60

true

Question 61

define | distinctiveness =

Answer 61

1 of 3 types of attributions = if behaviour is distinctive, you are likely to make an external attribution

Question 62

__ errors of attributions=

Answer 62

2 ``` 1= fundamental attribution error 2= self-serving bias ```

Question 63

define fundamental attribution error =

Answer 63

1 of 2 errors of attribution tendency for observers, when analysing another's behaviour, to underestimate the impact of internal factors

Question 64

define self-serving bias =

Answer 64

tendency to attribute our successes to internal factors and failures to external factors tend to see ourselves in a more positibe light than others see us

Question 65

faulty cognition results from=

Answer 65

3 1=cognitive biases e.gheuristics 2= motivational biases e.g schemas are influenced by wants, needs, and goals 3=interactions and cognition and motivation e.g confirmation bias