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PSYCH 101 > lec 3 done > Flashcards

lec 3 done Flashcards

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1
Q

define cognitive dissonance=

A

= perceived discrepancy between an attitude and a behaviour that results in a state of tension similar to anxety

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2
Q

cognitive dissonance motivates the individual to reduce tension by=

A

3

1= changing behaviour
2=changing attitude
3= changing perception of the inconsistent information

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3
Q

cognitive dissonance theory =

A

the classic version
3

1= inconsistent cognitions arouse psychological tension that people become motivated to reduce

2= can lead to irrational and sometimes maladaptive behaviour

3=reducing cognitive dissonance

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4
Q

persuation 2 routes

A 
1= central = logic
2= peripheral = superficial
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5
Q

define

social cognition=

A

the processes by which people make sense of themselves, others, social interactions, and relationships

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6
Q

use of cognitive models

A

to understand social phenomena

2 +
1= schemas as organising principles
2= connectionist models and parallel processing

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7
Q

_______ as organising principles

A

schemas

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8
Q

define identity =

A

perceptions of self that are largely influenced by social cognition that vary according to context

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9
Q

identity encompasses=

A

3

1= social and cultural identity
2= personal experiences within social and cultural environments
3=roles held in everyday life

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10
Q

_____ can occur when identities clash/overlap

A

dissonance

e.g working mother

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11
Q

perceiving other people =

A 
5
1=1st impressions
2=schema
3=sterotypes
4=prejudice
5=attribution
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12
Q

e.g of role and membership

A 
role = father
membership = student

can overlap

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13
Q

define

first impressions=

A

1 of 5 perceiving other people

Halo effect = tendency to assume that positive qualities cluster together

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14
Q

define schemas=

A

patterns of though that organise our experiences/knowledge

= allow us to enter new situations with an idea of how we and others are to act

4 types of schemas:
1= person 
2= situation
3= role
4=relationship
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15
Q

define person schemas=

A

1 of 4 types of schemas

= represent specific types of people

e.g librarians
extroverts
students

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16
Q

define

situational schemas =

A

1 of 4 schemas

represent diff social situations

formal vs informal

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17
Q

techniques of cognitive dissonance theory =

A

4

1= change your attitude
2=change perception of behaviour
3=add consonant cognitions
4=minimize the importance of the conflict
5=reduce perceived choice
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18
Q

change your attitude

chocolate mousse

A

I don’t need to be on a diet

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19
Q

change your perception of behaviour =

A

i hardly ate any chocolate mousse

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20
Q

add consonat cognitions

A

chocolate mousse is very nutritious

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21
Q

minimise the importance of the conflict

A

i don’t care if i’m overweight- life is short

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22
Q

reduce perceived choice

A

i had no choice; the mousse was prepared for this special occasion

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23
Q

define

role schemas =

A

represent expectations for social roles

e.g student
professor
parent

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24
Q

define

relationship schemas=

A

represent expectations about self and others in unique relationships

e.g siblings, couples

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25
Q

schemas allow us to enter new situations with an idea of =

A

how we and others are to act

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26
Q

heuristic =

A

‘rule of thumb’

expectation

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27
Q

schemas can be __ and prone to ___ =

A

rigid

error

3

1= sterotypes
2=prejudice
3=discrimination

28
Q

define

stereotypes

A

a schema that represents characteristics that are assigned to persons based on their membership in a specific group

not always negative
are often simplistic

29
Q

define

prejudice

A

a schema which involved judging others based on a stereotype

30
Q

define

discrimination

A

a schema in which one acts negatively toward a person

31
Q

____ may form even before you meet them

=

A

first impressions

confirmation bias

primed to see those characteristics before even meeting…

primed to view X in a particular way

interpret that way to fit their first impression

tend to hang on to them

32
Q

___ are not always negative

A

stereotypes

33
Q

ways in which stereotypes can form =m

A

social categorisation

34
Q

define

social categorisation =

A

the classification of people into groups on the basis of common attributes

= help us form impressions quickly and use past experiences to guide new interactions

35
Q

serious drawbacks of social categorisation=

A

by categorising people we often 2

1= overestimate the diff between groups
2=underestimate the diff within groups

36
Q

roots of racism may lie in ___ + detail =

A

personality

the authoritarian personality = includes the tendency to hate people who are different

= this personality type is associated with a dominant, stern father and a submissive mother

37
Q

explicit racism involves

A

the conscious use of stereotypes and the expression of prejudice

38
Q

implicit racism =

A

unconscious influence of stereotypes toward members of a racial group

39
Q

in ambigious racism situations =

A

X tend to be less helpful toward Y than other Xs.

Believe in stiffer legal penalties for Y

40
Q

in-groups vs out-groups

A

2

1=strong tendency to divide people into in-groups and out-groups

2=exaggerate diff between in-groups and other out-groups

41
Q

accentuation effect=

A

out-group homogeneity effect

42
Q

simplistic =

A

over simplified

stereotypes are often oversimplified

43
Q

prejudice reflects ____ from parent to child

A

socialisation processes

e.g in australia children from minority and majority subcultures express preferences toward the majority culture by the preschool years

44
Q

prejudice functional=

A

the notion that prejudice preserves the interests of the dominant classes

45
Q

how do stereotypes survive =

A

1) illusory correlations

2) confirmation biases

46
Q

describe illusory correlations

A

4

1= the tendency for people to overestimate the link between variables that are only slghtly/not at all correlated

2= tend to overestimate the association between variables when = A the variables are distinctive B the variables are already expected to go together

3= fundamental attribution error

4= if expectations are violated, more likely to consider situational factors, but seen as unsual: luck, ‘providing the rule’

47
Q

confirmation biases =

A

stereotypes are often maintained and strengthened through confirmation biases

stereotypes can cause a perceiver to act in such a way that the stereotyped group member really does behave in a stereotype - confirming way

the stereotype creates a “self-fulfilling prophecy”

48
Q

we consider ourselves to be in the in/out group

A

in-group

we tend to believe the group we are in are

volster ourselves

1= we're great
2= we're not as bad as 'them'
49
Q

homogeneity =

A

all ‘those’ people are not as good as us

50
Q

automatic stereotype activation: important factors that make automatic activation more/less likely

A

4 diff factors

1=cognitive factors
2=cultural factors
3=motivational
4= personal

51
Q

in-group vs out-group hostility=

A

persons who belong to your group/not

persons in outgroup
= perceived as more similar than they really are

= positive actions of ^ explained away while negative behaviours are attributed to internal causes

52
Q

reduced intergroup hostility (Sherif)

A

reducing hostility requires contact and cooperation among the group members, superordinate goals

53
Q

self-fulfilling prophecy =

A

teacher

Jimmy, johnny

Jimmy prophecy = naughty child

54
Q

why do gender stereotypes endure?

A

the same mechanisms that let stereotypes in general endure apply to perceptions of gender.

e.g illusory correlations
biased attributions
confirmation biases
self-fulfilling prophecies

But, gender stereotypes are distinct in that they are prescriptive rather than merely descriptive

55
Q

gender stereotypes are distinctive in that they =

A

are prescriptive rather than merely descriptve. They indicate what should be.

sociocultural factors foster male-female distinctions in many ways

media depictions can influence viewers, even without their realizing it

56
Q

define attribution =

A

the process of inferring the causes of mental states and behaviours of yourself and others

3 types

1= consensus
2=consistency
3=distinctiveness

57
Q

we are ‘intuitive scientists’ =

A

external and internal attributions

external = behaviour due to situation
e.g the boss yelled at me because his taxes aren’t done

internal = behaviour reflects the person
e.g boss yells at everyone because he is a hostile person

58
Q

define consensus =

A

1 of 3 types of attributions

= if many people behave the same way, you are likey to make an external attribution

59
Q

define

consistency=

A

1 of 3

if behaviour is consistent, you are likely to make an internal attribution

60
Q

media depictions can influence viewers ( sexism ads ) true/false?

A

true

61
Q

define

distinctiveness =

A

1 of 3 types of attributions

= if behaviour is distinctive, you are likely to make an external attribution

62
Q

__ errors of attributions=

A

2

1= fundamental attribution error 
2= self-serving bias
63
Q

define fundamental attribution error =

A

1 of 2 errors of attribution

tendency for observers, when analysing another’s behaviour, to underestimate the impact of internal factors

64
Q

define self-serving bias =

A

tendency to attribute our successes to internal factors and failures to external factors

tend to see ourselves in a more positibe light than others see us

65
Q

faulty cognition results from=

A

3

1=cognitive biases e.gheuristics
2= motivational biases e.g schemas are influenced by wants, needs, and goals
3=interactions and cognition and motivation e.g confirmation bias

PSYCH 101 (7 decks)

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